Corporate Responsibility for Childhood Obesity Essay - 2

Corporate Responsibility for Childhood Obesity - Essay Example The authors of these two articles are supporting the same cause but in different ways. First and foremost is the length of the material, Zinczenko’s article is rather brief and reads very much like a discussion or a conversational blog posting. However, Linn and Novosat’s article is much more scientific and literary representation of their very similar arguments. Zinczenko takes the most direct route and blames the consumption of fast food directly is the cause of the childhood obesity. He argues that as a child he was a â€Å"latchkey kid,† a term in the 1970s and 1980s to describe children of, usually, single parent households, who are left to care from themselves when their guardian is at work; they used to keep the house keys are a string around their necks, hence the nickname (Zinczenko, 391-392). He offers a number of supporting factors that do benefit his argument. Firstly, he explains that his personal experience as a latchkey child, he understood how fast food becomes the quickest, most convenience, and, often, the cheapest way to feed hungry children. The greater statistics of children in economically depressed environments are even more likely to consume larger portions of the fast foods available. However, the flaw in Mr. Zinczenko argument is that no one is likely to deny that if a child or anyone was to consume fast food for every meal of the day may ultimately develop health problems and obvious weight gain. He, also, makes the correlation between childhood obesity, fast food, and the ever increasing numbers of diabetes cases among children (Zinczenko 391-393). Linn and Novosat’s article is a much more scientific and formal research work. It is considerably longer, detailed, offering statistics, and averages of test and studies performed. They do not blame the fast food items and products directly, the way that Zinczenko’s article did, but rather the specific advertising that is geared specifically towards children regarding fast food

BTEC Business Essay Example for Free

BTEC Business Essay Shell is a multinational oil and gas company with around 87.000 employees in more than 70 countries. It is one of the world’s most valuable companies. Shell was started by Marcus Samuel back in 1833, he was a shopkeeper in London. In 1907 they merged with The Royal Dutch Petroleum Company. 1.1.11.1.2 Having a lot of offices/petrol stations all around the world makes them a global business and it’s a private business because it’s not owned by the government. Their goal is to make more money than they spend, so Shell is a profit business. Shell is in all three sectors because they dig oil (Primary Sector, they produce the oil (Secondary Sector, and lastly they sell it as well at their petrol stations. Their products are mostly oil and gas but they also have services for example, you can fill your tires with air, you can use their hoover or make use of their carwash. 1.1.3 Shell is a PLC so the liability for debts is on the company. To be considered a PLC you’re business is probably formed and owned by shareholders. Other shareholders can buy their stock quite easily. They have a lot of shareholders. As a shareholder of Shell you aren’t responsible for the debts, may the company go bankrupt. Unicef Unicef which stands for United Nations International Children’s Emergency is a massive organisation that tries to help children all over the world, not only to have an education but to protect child’s right in overall. 1.2.11.2.2 Unicef has offices all over the world, it’s a global organisation. Almost every country has an office from Unicef. The Government helps for two third of the organisation’s funds and the other part is from the millions of people that supports Unicef which makes it for the bigger part a public organisation. It’s a non-profit organisation, because they don’t want to make a lot of money for themselves but to raise money to help the children  who for example can’t go to school because they don’t have the money for it or even because they don’t have schools at that place. Unicef is subjected in the tertiary sector because they serve services to help the children. 1.2.3 It’s a Charity Partnership, as a charity you have to register and must produce annual accounts that are available to be viewed. P2 Stakeholders of Shell 2.12.2 A stakeholder is anyone that has an interest or is affected by a corporation. 1.Customers: The customers are the one who buy or uses the products and services of Shell. They want shell to have the best oil, gas and services so that what they pay for those things are worth their money. -Shell wants the customer to keep coming back to them, because without the customers Shell wouldn’t earn any money. 2.Employees: The employees are the one who works for Shell. They want to have the security of being employed, getting paid and also the opportunity for promotions. Shell wants the Employees to do their best because they are kind of representing Shell. For example, if they are rude to customers then the customers may not come back to Shell because of that. 3.The shareholders: The shareholders are the one who owns a part of Shell. The shareholders want to see their share of profit to increase. Shell wants them to increase the money. 4.Trade Unions: Trade Unions represent the interest of groups of employees. With the trade unions employees want to accomplish their interest like get higher wages. Shell wants to find out the interest of groups of the employees so they can improve it and keep their employees happy. 5.Local And National Communities: Local and National Communities are the ones who represent Shell. Shell has pipelines in Nigeria which can be very dangerous and cause local pollution, therefore community leaders represent important interest groups. Shell wants them to represent Shell positively. 6.Suppliers: Suppliers are people who provides Shell’s products. (For example the things they sell at they’re petrol stations, not the oil/gas as they produce that themselves.) They want to feel valued by Shell and they want steady orders and to be paid at their worth. Shell wants the suppliers to deliver the right orders and that the products are in best condition. 2.32.4 Stakeholders of Unicef 1.Staff members: Staff members ensures that everything is going smoothly, both in offices and on field. They want to see the results while being in field, for example, to see the kids go to the school they have built. Unicef wants the staff members to do their best and see the best results. 2.Goodwill Ambassadors and Advocates: Goodwill Ambassadors and Advocates are celebrities that funds Unicef. They want to use their fame positively and help as many kids as they can with their money. Unicef gets more known because of those celebrities. With their help people acknowledge their campaign. Plus, they are good volunteers with enough money. 3.Young Leaders: Young Leaders are young adults or teens that are helping out with the campaign as well. Young leaders wants to help out children or teens that are maybe just a few years older than them, sometimes because they feel bad for those children. They have it better so they want to help out. Having young leaders in the team is a positive outcome because this motivates others from the same age to do something to help children out, too. 4.Teachers: Volunteers that want to teach children in for example Africa. -Teachers wants to volunteer so they feel good about themselves helping the children to get better education or just an education at all. They want to be send off in a secure place, though. And not in, for example, a war zone. Unicef needs Teachers because otherwise building schools are no help at all if there’s no one to teach those children something. 5.Suppliers: Those are the ones who supplies the school books etc. They want to feel valued by Unicef and wants clear orders from them. Unicef wants the suppliers to deliver the orders to be in good quality and to be delivered on time. 6.People who gives their contribution to the collectors:  They give money to the collectors to help out. For example, they want to think they helped out building that school in Africa. Unicef need those people to help out to get more money so they can help out more. P3 Organisational Chart of Shell 5.1 Shell is organized by function, geographical areas, product groups and type of customers. Shell’s functions are divided in three groupings: Upstream, Downstream and Projects Technology. Upstream manages the manufacturing and search crude oil and natural gas. Downstream also manages the manufacturing and are responsible for the marketing department. Projects Technology does the research and projects for new products. Shell is, as mentioned before, a global company, having offices all over the world. The Upstream only is already divided in Upstream Americas (for Americas), Upstream International (for Europe, Asia/Middle East/Russia, Oceania and Africa. This is because it can function better and they can focus within that country/continent. They can focus on the culture and interest within that country/continent. They are also organized by products as you can see above. They are divided by gas, fuels and lubricants and chemical products. This way each group can specialize in their own product and make it better. Shell has a lot of customers, like the one who drives daily to and from their work or a big airplane company or the F1 team. They use different products or amount of products, so Shell organized it this way that the airplane company gets a different price than a normal man who drives daily to and from their work. 5.2 My Royal Dutch Shell would look at the amount of profit they made the year before. How much oil and gas they posses and there is on earth. We’ll look at how much we sell our products and how much our variable costs are and if we can make our variable costs less and our prices higher. Would we lose customers if we do that or not? We will do an internal researches for how much oil there still is on earth. With this information we can go further with our strategic plan. If the oil is decreasing for example, we will look  for alternative solution. Shell will look for what’s going on in each country. For example, everyone is really busy with being environmentally conscious, so we’ll think of a way other than greenpeace to show that we are not too bad for the environment. We will look at how the economy is growing or deflating. If it’s growing we can make the price higher, and if it’s deflating we don’t necessarily need to put the prices lower as Shell’s product is something that everyone constantly need. (Oil) Looking at what the concurrent position, at how they are doing is also something to consider. Organisational Chart of Unicef 5.3 Unicef is divided by directors. They have the executive Director who is in charge of the whole organisation. And other directors that are in charge of for example the Human Resources or the supplies. So Unicef is organized by function. Unicef has different regional directors. For example, there’s the Dutch Unicef Director, or the UK Unicef Director. . Working a lot on field (different countries) it’s easier to have regional offices. This makes Unicef function better as Unicef represent itself in 190 countries, each country with different values. So each country director/manager can focus on how to reach the people Unicef is also organized by geographical areas. Unicef focuses on different type of ‘products’ which are actually the different services. Although all is about children, the subjects are different. They have child survival and development, Basic education and gender equality, Children and HIV/AIDS and Child protection. They divided those subjects so they can specialise more and give the help that the child needs better. They also sell small things, kind of reminds me of souvenirs, the profit they make from these goes to the campaign funds. 5.4 Unicef will look at how they’ve succeeded at their projects so far, how many donations they get each year, how many members/volunteer they’ve got and what their next step needs to be depends on what is going on with the people around the countries they help or even which country they’ll need to help next. Once they have all those information, they’ll look at how they can  get more projects. To get more projects done, they’ll do more research so that they can give people more and more information and can attract more people to help them out. Unicef should show on the media what they’ve achieve so far and that the money people donate are really helping out. This way we’ll get more donation, so more profit to finish projects. P4 Fulfilling The Purpose of Shell 6.1 Shell’s purpose is to make as much profit as they can. Being organized by function they can put people who are specialised by those functions and make their product even better. The geographical structure helps to get to know what they need to do to get the attention of each country. Because each country has different laws, values and culture they can do their research way better if each group specialised in one specific country. Shell can make their advertisement focused on each country. Focusing on the different customers they can make special offers for different customers. Making these offers they can make sure that the customer will come back to them and can cause word to word advertisement. Splitting up different products types helps customers to know where to find what when they come to buy products from shell. Having different products means they need to make sure everything is from the same quality, the best quality. So by dividing their products and putting people who specialised on those product they know they have the best quality. Which will make customer come back to them. To be structured good, Shell uses the chain of command. It helps shell to make sure that they get the tasks that you need to do and that it doesn’t go to a different department. Fulfilling The Purpose of Unicef 6.2 Unicef’s purpose is to help as much children in need as they can. Being geographical organized helps them to fulfil their purpose because this way they can focus on what each country needs. For example, one country needs more school instead of help with HIV/AIDS. Focusing on different product type helps as well. This way, people knows exactly for what they are donating. Same as Shell, Unicef uses the chain of command so that people get the right tasks. Using Goodwill Ambassador helps them achieve their purposes, too. For example, having Selena Gomez as an ambassador is great help for them in the media. She’s really big in the entertainment industries and is a role model for a lot of teens and young adults all over the world. She indirectly advertises Unicef when she tweets or talks about how she’s an ambassador. Having different directors for each function helps as well as they can specialise on what they are doing in that sector. They can give the people ‘underneath’ them better instructions.

Pollution Essay: Silent Spring, How Rachel Carson Changed the World :: Environment Environmental Preservation

Silent Spring - How Rachel Carson Changed the World On September 27, 1962 Rachel Carson released her sixth book, Silent Spring. On publication day, the advance sales of Silent Spring totaled 40,000 copies and another 150 copies were sent to the Book of the Month Club (Frontline: Fooling With Nature, 1998). Silent Spring remained on the bestseller list for almost a year. The world was beginning to take notice. Countless experts and organizations have proclaimed Rachel Carsonà ¢s book the starting point of the environmental movement. Carson described numerous case studies where the use of hazardous pesticides, insecticides, and other chemicals led to environmental problems all over the world. Whether directly or indirectly, everything in the environment is connected and affected by each other. Silent Spring describes, in depth, the harmful effects that chemical control has placed on all components of the environment. They include: air, water, land, wildlife, plant life, and humans. I will discuss each of these categories as examined in Silent Spring along with my personal analysis. First I will discuss the damage from chemicals released in the air. Aerial spraying of pesticides, mostly DDT, began on a small scale over farms and forests. With the development of new insecticides and the availability of planes from the war, the sky almost literally turned into a shower of toxic chemicals. The justification behind the massive sprayings of the 1950à ¢s was to exterminate exotic species like the fire ant, and the gypsy moth. The spraying was extremely careless, and resulted in heavily populated towns and cities repeatedly being sprayed with DDT (Carson, 1962). Unfortunately, people and wildlife sprayed with DDT along with other chemicals had no warnings and no way to protect themselves. The government, without consent of those affected, risked the health of those exposed to the pesticides and the quality of the environment. Nearly everyone was exposed to the risks, in a direct or indirect way, from the extensive aerial spraying. As described in the book, the gypsy moth is not a native of the United States. It had persisted in the U.S. for a great number of years without any need for extensive control measures. Carson states, à £Yet drastic action was suddenly taken against them under the end-justifies-the-means philosophyà ¤ (Carson, 1962, p.156). Therefore, unnecessary health risks and damage to the environment were considered acceptable in order to eliminate the gypsy moth, which has repeatedly been unsuccessful. One reason the gypsy moth still thrives is because, like many insects, they have developed resistance to the chemicals targeted against them.

European Union Law Coursework

Below are the Instructions for the completion and submission of the coursework as well as for receiving feedback. These are also available on StudySpace (In the folder ‘assignments'). l. Coursework Instructions Answer the following question: â€Å"It follows that the evolutionary nature of the doctrine of supremacy is necessarily bi- dimensional. One dimension is the elaboration of the parameters of the doctrine by the European Court.But Its full reception, the second dimension, depends on its incorporation into the constitutional orders of the Member States and its affirmation y their supreme courts†. Joseph Weller, The Community System: the Dual Character of Supranationalism (1981) 1 (1 ) Yearbook of European Law 267-306. With reference to case-law, and to the current situation In at least two Member States, explain and critically analyse this statement. What implications would the Member States' reluctance to incorporate the doctrine of supremacy into their constituti onal orders have for the consistency and effectiveness of EU law? Maximum word limit: 2500 words.The bibliography and footnotes do not count as part of the maximum page limit. it. Assessment criteria: The marking criteria are Included in Studying Law at Kingston and are available on StudySpace (In ‘assignments'). In accordance with these criteria, the following factors will be taken Into account In awarding a mark for this coursework: understanding of the legal principles and Issues involved depth and breadth of knowledge and Intellectual understanding ability to review critically the legal position, (where appropriate) depth and breadth of research cltatlon 0T autnorltles ana materlals presentation iii.Plagiarism: Please note the University policy on plagiarism, and ensure that the work is original ork that is entirely your own. Copying or allowing someone else to copy your work is cheating and you will be subject to the University disciplinary regulations. The best way to av oid academic misconduct or plagiarism is to use your own words, do not cut and paste from other work, and to ensure that you reference properly the sources you have used in your assignment.Please note all assignments are automatically submitted to the Turnitin plagiarism detection software – the video on the following link is an approachable session on how to avoid plagiarism: http://www. youtube. om/ watch? v=1yYf8Aihndl lv. Referencing: Referencing is essential for good academic writing. Please ensure you read the relevant section in your Studying Law at Kingston that refers you to the Oxford Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities (OSCOLA), available online at: http:// www. law. ox. c. uk/published/OSCOLA_4th_edn. pdf Through the following link you can complete a referencing tutorial produced by Cardiff University https://ilrb. cf. ac. uk/ citingreferences/oscola/tutorial/ All materials consulted in writing your essay should be included in the bibliography. The bibl iography and footnotes do not count as part of the maximum page limit. v. BLASC: BLASC is a service offering students at all levels one to one help and advice on the academic skills needed to produce their written coursework.Information on this is available in the online version of the handbook (available on StudySpace in the folder ‘information'). v'. Submitting your work and receiving feedback: Please note that computer failure is not an excuse for missing a coursework deadline.

Museum Experience

In trying to understand the museum experience one must be able to create a holistic approach.   This means creating an experience not based on a certain aspect alone but an encounter with someone or something with the full awareness of the impact it brings to an individual.   This paper seeks to discover the museum experience.   It seeks to answer questions that revolve around individuals with regards to how to experience the whole value a museum can offer.The first part of the paper seeks to explain the concept of museum experience. In appreciating the impact of experience a museum has to offer, one must first be able to understand its nature and concept.   One way of grasping the concept of museum experience is creating a model that will be used as a guideline of experience. The model is called Interactive Experience Model. We have found this model to be a useful framework within which to organize and interpret the wealth of research and information that make up the museum visitor literature, as well as relevant research from psychology, anthropology, and sociology.[1] The structure of the model are based on three sections; personal, social and physical. In the personal context, â€Å"each museum visitor's personal context is unique; it incorporates a variety of experiences and knowledge, including varying degrees of experience in and knowledge of the content and design of the museum.†[2]   The next context involves the social context.   Understanding the social context of the visit allows us to make sense of variations in behavior between, for example, adults in family groups and adults in adult groups, or children on school field trips and children visiting with their families.[3]   Lastly, â€Å"the museum is a physical setting that visitors, usually freely, choose to enter. The physical context includes the architecture and â€Å"feel† of the building, as well as the objects and artifacts contained within.[4] The Interactive E xperience Model suggests that all three contexts should contribute significantly to the museum experience, though not necessarily in equal proportion in all cases.[5] The model clearly attempts to have a holistic approach in determining the value of museum experience felt by an individual. Thus in museum experience, awareness must occur in the process of overall grasping of ideas and experiences felt.The next part of the paper seeks the idea of how museums communicate to an individual or groups. In the recent and changing times, the museums’ challenge is to be an institution that can showcase an effective way of exhibiting and showcasing ideas that can create a memorable and valuable experience. Another challenge for museum educators is that of giving proper scope to cultural diversity while acknowledging the impossibility of presenting a collection that is all-inclusive.[6] Creating museum communication means preparing a scenario will create a lasting effect to individuals. Learning is influenced by motivation and attitudes, by prior experience, by culture and background, and – especially in museums – by design and presentation and the physical setting. [7] Museum educators must be aware that individuals and groups learn in different ways.   Thus, it is important for a dynamic approach that will cater not to certain individuals but majority of the visitors.Each museum must develop its own philosophic commitment, its own pattern of effective education in a specific community.[8] Therefore museums communicate by means of its capabilities to foster effective communication and information needed by individuals or groups.   This is accomplished by giving emphasis to the way each exhibit is effectively arranged to suit the needs of every visitor.The next part seeks to describe the way museums connect to other people. In this process, the paper will look into the way a museums can create memories based from experiences. The idea of creating experiences in a museum can vary based on the perspectives that a visitor might use. Museums can use different strategies to catch the attention of visitors and create memories of the certain exhibit or object displayed.However, it must be pointed out that these situations vary since people regard an exhibit or display’s significance because of previous experience. Thus, the capability of a museum educator to create new ideas and schemes to attract, connect and impart knowledge among individuals and groups.Story-telling in galleries using paintings, drama using characters related to the collections, artmaking and scientific experimental workshops, writing poetry as a response to objects and reviewing classification systems, developing fashion shows based on costume collections, measuring and recording buildings inside and outside, mapping sites and grounds, talking and listening to museum staff, visiting the museum stores or laboratories – there is much good practice t o draw upon.[9] Other ideas and strategies might be explored in creating memories for visitors.Other museum educators say they seek to promote conversations with visitors, share understanding through personal interactions, promote fun and playful activity rather than a catalogue of facts, help visitors become responsible for their own learning and stimulate creativity and opportunities to learn through play.[10]The last part of the paper seeks to view the way museums take part in the learning process of individuals or group.   In determining this, one must first look into the way an object in a museum impart knowledge to the visitor thus facilitating the creation of learning.Objects can be particularly stimulating in relation to learning processes when handled and studied closely.[11] Another thing that a museum educator can do is to facilitate learning by means of letting the object be interpreted by the visitor itself. One important role of the education staff within the museum is to help visitors feel empowered to see and choose, to relate the works of art to their own search for meaning.[12] Thus it is important for the museum educator to arrange the objects in such a way that it will be conducive to learning and at the same time letting the visitor experience the object independently. Educational experience should experiences stimulate curiosity and imagination, while allowing the sheer pleasure and delight in looking.[13] In addition, the museum must be an environment conducive for learning.In order to facilitate learning, not only do the distracting characteristics of unfamiliar settings need to be overcome (both by making the environment friendly and inviting and by recognizing that visitors need time to orient themselves and need as much assistance as possible in doing so), but exhibitions also need to provide intellectual and cultural â€Å"hooks† that permit visitors to connect with the exhibitions.[14]To conclude, the paper highlighted the way museums interact with individuals and groups to facilitate learning and on the other hand create experiences to visitors. The paper also elaborated on the methods and strategies museums use to attract attention among visitors.   The ability of a museum as an institution to create avenue’s for learning among individuals and groups remain to be seen.   However, the amount of experience that a person absorbs still remains to be subjective. It is still left to the individual to create a holistic understanding and experience in a museum visit.BibliographyFalk, J.H. and L.D. Dierking. The Museum Experience. (Washington, D.C.:.WhalesbackBooks. 1992)Hein, George. Learning in the Museum (Museum Meanings). (New York: Routledge. 2001)Hooper-Greenhill, E. The Educational Role of the Museum, edited by E. Hooper-Greenhill,London: Routledge, 1994.Walsh-Piper, Kathleen. â€Å"Museum Education and Aesthetic Experience†. [online journal]Journal of Aesthetic Experience, vol. 28 no. 3 (Autumn 1994) accessed September 29,2007; available from http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8510%28199423%2928%3A3%3C105%3AMEATAE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-TWittman, Otto. The Museum and its Role in Art Eucation. [online journal] Art Education,vol.19 no.2 (Feb. 1996) accessed September 29, 2007; available from http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0004-3125%28196602%2919%3A2%3C3%3ATMAIRI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-EZeller, Terry. Museum Education and School Art: Different Ends and Different Means.[online journal] Art Education, vol. 38 no. 3 (May 1985) accessed September 29,2007; available from http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0004-3125%28198505%2938%3A3%3C6%3AMEASAD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-U[1] Falk, J.H. and L.D. Dierking. The Museum Experience. (Washington, D.C.:.Whalesback   Books. 1992) p. 2[2] Ibid. [3] Ibid p. 3 [4] Ibid. [5] Ibid. p.7 [6] Walsh-Piper, Kathleen. â€Å"Museum Education and Aesthetic Experience†. [online journal]   Journal of Aesthetic Experience, vol. 28 no. 3 (Autumn 1994) p.109 [7 ] Hooper-Greenhill, E. The Educational Role of the Museum, edited by E. Hooper-Greenhill,   London: Routledge, 1994.) p.21 [8] Wittman, Otto. The Museum and its Role in Art Eucation. [online journal] Art Education, vol.19 no.2 (Feb. 1996) p. 6 [9] Hooper-Greenhill, E. The Educational Role of the Museum, edited by E. Hooper-Greenhill,   London: Routledge, 1994 p. 21 [10] Zeller, Terry. Museum Education and School Art: Different Ends and Different Means. [online journal] Art Education, vol. 38 no. 3 (May 1985) p. 8 [11] Hooper-Greenhill, E. The Educational Role of the Museum, edited by E. Hooper-Greenhill,   London: Routledge, 1994.) p.21 [12] Walsh-Piper, Kathleen. â€Å"Museum Education and Aesthetic Experience†. [online journal]   Journal of Aesthetic Experience, vol. 28 no. 3 (Autumn 1994) p. 109 [13] Ibid. p. 109 [14] Hein, George Learning in the Museum. New York: Routledge 2001 p.152

Stalen essay essays

Stalen essay essays To just concentrate on Stalins totalitarian terror does ignore his significant achievements, however the end doesnt justify the means. Stalin was a proud man and was proud of Russia, he realised that Russia was a backward country and without pushing USSR to modernise it would be crushed. Stalin in his speech stated All have beaten her because of her military, industrial and agricultural backwardness... We are 50 to a 100 years behind the advanced countries either we make the difference in 10 years or they crush us. Many historians have disregarded a number of Stalins various significant achievements of Russia and how he set the building blocks to raise Russia from a peasant community. Most historians disregard these significant achievements of Stalins, as many of his actual goals where rarely achieved. When he set out plans to modernise Russia it caused a great loss of life and terror among the people. To be able to demonstrate the superiority of socialism over capitalism, Stalin edu cated the uneducated and built gigantic constructions from nothing. His main plans were known as collectivisation and the Five-Year Plans. This came at a large sacrifice to the workers, which was their loss of freedom and extremely harsh work in dreadful conditions. Stalin used terror to keep the workers, working hard to build a better Russia; there was often constant exiling to Siberia. The Great Purges destroyed any sense of independent thinking and created terror around Russia causing many millions to die. If it werent for Stalins push for industrialisation the Nazis would have defeated them in the Second World War. When Stalin commenced his totalitarian regime he had two goals for Russia. They were to increase agriculture and industry. Stalin was working under his socialism in one country theory. The basic objective of his theory was to quickly transform Russia into a socia...

Avogadros Number - Example Chemistry Problem

Avogadros Number Chemistry Problem Avogadros number is used in chemistry when you need to work with very large numbers. Its the basis for the mole unit of measurement, which provides an easy way to convert between moles, mass, and the number of molecules. For example, you can use the number to find the number of water molecules in a single snowflake. (Hint: Its an enormous number!) Avogadros Number Example Problem - Number of Molecules in a Given Mass Question: How many H2O molecules are there in a snowflake weighing 1 mg? Solution: Step 1 - Determine the mass of 1 mole of H2O Snowflakes are made of water, or H2O. To obtain the mass of 1 mole of water, look up the atomic masses for hydrogen and oxygen from the Periodic Table. There are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen for every H2O molecule, so the mass of H2O is: mass of H2O 2 (mass of H) mass of Omass of H2O 2 ( 1.01 g ) 16.00 gmass of H2O 2.02 g 16.00 gmass of H2O 18.02 g Step 2 - Determine the number of H2O molecules in one gram of water One mole of H2O is 6.022 x 1023 molecules of H2O (Avogadros number). This relation is then used to convert a number of H2O molecules to grams by the ratio: mass of X molecules of H2O / X molecules mass of a mole of H20 molecules / 6.022 x 1023 molecules Solve for X molecules of H2O X molecules of H2O ( 6.022 x 1023 H2O molecules ) / ( mass of a mole H2O  · mass of X molecules of H2O Enter the values for the question:X molecules of H2O ( 6.022 x 1023 H2O molecules ) / ( 18.02g  · 1 g )X molecules of H2O 3.35 x 1022 molecules/gram There are 3.35 x 1022 H2O molecules in 1 g of H2O. Our snowflake weighs 1 mg and 1 g 1000 mg. X molecules of H2O 3.35 x 1022 molecules/gram  · (1 g /1000 mg )X molecules of H2O 3.35 x 1019 molecules/mg Answer There are 3.35 x 1019 H2O molecules in a 1 mg snowflake. Avogadros Number Problem Key Takeaways Avogadros number is 6.02 x 1023. It is the number of particles in a mole.You can use Avogadros number to convert between mass and the number of molecules of any pure substance.If you are given the mass of a sample (such as a snowflake), convert the mass to moles, and then use Avogadros number to convert from moles to molecules.

Pluto, Lord of the Ancient Underworld

Pluto, Lord of the Ancient Underworld Pluto is often considered King of the Underworld in Roman mythology. How did we get from Hades, Greek god of the underworld, to Pluto? Well, according to Cicero, Hades had a bunch of epithets (pretty common for an ancient god), which included Dis, or the rich, in Latin; in Greek, that translated to Plouton. So basically Pluto was a Latinization of one of Hadess Greek nicknames.  The name Pluto is more common in Roman mythology, so it is sometimes said that Pluto is the Roman version of the  Greek god Hades. Pluto was a god of riches, which is etymologically connected with his name. As Cicero notes, he got his money because all things fall back into the earth and also arise from the earth.  Since mining digs up wealth from under the earth, Pluto came to be associated with the Underworld. This made it possible to refer to a god Pluto ruling a land of the dead called Hades, named for its Greek overlord. Like many deities associated with death, Pluto received his moniker because it was one associated with the more positive aspects of his character. After all, if you had to pray to a god of the underworld, would you really want to invoke death over and over again? So, as Plato has Socrates recount in his  Cratylus, People in general appear to imagine that the term Hades  is connected with the invisible (aeides) and so they are led by their fears  to call the God Pluto instead. This nickname became increasingly popular in Greece thanks to the Eleusinian Mysteries, initiation rites into the cult of the goddess Demeter, mistress of the harvest. As the story goes, Hades/Pluto abducted Demeters daughter, Persephone (also called Kore, or maiden) and wound up keeping her as his wife in the underworld for most of the year. In the mysteries, Hades/Pluto becomes a personification of his mother-in-laws bounty, a benevolent deity and protector and a possessor of great wealth, rather than an evil uncle/abductor. His riches wound up including not only the stuff  under  the Earth but the stuff on top of it - i.e., Demeters bountiful crops. Edited  by Carly Silver.

Strategic Marketing Report (Businesses chosen British Petroleum and Assignment

Strategic Marketing Report (Businesses chosen British Petroleum and General Motors) - Assignment Example It has seen many ups and downs over the years including issues of environment, government dealing, exploration sites, oil prices and such, but has remained strong, with a great market presence and brand equity. The second is General Motors. One of the heavyweights in the 20th Century automotive scene, GM saw bankruptcy in 2009 after many of its products and policies failed. With government holding and new management in place, GM is on the way to recovery. This paper analysis the strategies of these two companies, along with some suggestions that they could utilize in the near future. This paper will study the current marketing strategies of British Petroleum and General Motor. These companies are amongst the biggest players in their respective industries. However, the recent macro-economic environment has had an impact on the policies adapted by both. This paper will examine the specific marketing strategies and will give my own insight into them. General Motors Company is one of the largest automakers in the world, headquartered at Detroit, USA. GM employs around 235,000 people globally and has presence in 140 countries in various regions around the world (gm.com, 2009), with a complete brand portfolio of Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, GM Daewoo, Holden, Opel, Vauxhall and Wuling. According to company website, GM main business territory and market is the United States, then China, Brazil, the United Kingdom, Canada, Russia and Germany. GM has been through many peaks and troughs over the years but the recent taste of bankruptcy was a devastating low for the company. Having changed from General Motor Corporation to General Motor Company, GM has fortunately turned out fairly well from being in the decline phase. Whether this turnaround is successful for the company remains to be seen. There is still a need for GM to establish a culture with a more distinct and reachable vision and get the entire organization on board. The com pany still has

Psychological Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Psychological Research Methods - Essay Example The groups will be tested before and after the therapeutic period using a health-related quality-of-life (HRQL) questionnaire designed specifically for this inquiry. The scores of the two groups will be compared and analyzed to determine if, as expected, the experimental group demonstrates a statistically significant improvement in motor impulsivity behavior. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a condition affecting three to ten percent of school-age children, primarily boys, and up to five percent of adults (Wender, 2000, p. 4). Although there are differing opinions on how to specifically define the condition, as well as the appropriate methods for sorting it out from other associated behavioral disorders, most practitioners agree that if a certain set of behaviors (distraction, fidgeting, excessive talking, etc.) are present in sufficient quantity and severity, the diagnosis is correct (Atkinson & Hornby, 2002, pp. 46-47). The scope of this research will not be to determine the actual presence of ADHD; it will rely on the diagnosis of medical professionals to form the study group. This approach is in line with established protocols, where "regardless of the treatment approach, the diagnosis of ADHD and other co-morbidities first must be established through a standard medical evaluation" (Baumgaertel, 1999, p. 977). This research will, however, seek to test whether a specific alternative treatment (music therapy), when used in conjunction with traditional pharmacological therapy, can attenuate motor impulsivity. The focus of treatment for ADHD is to "decrease symptoms, enhance functionality, and improve well-being for the child and his or her close contacts" (Klassen, et al., 2004, p. 541). The primary methodology for accomplishing this control is the use of pharmacological agents, and it is common knowledge that drugs such as Ritalin are often employed to attenuate the symptoms. In response to a perceived over-prescribing of such medicines by doctors, there has been a rise in alternative therapies that seek to attenuate ADHD behavior through non-pharmacological means; the majority of which are designed to be used in conjunction with medication. For example, a recent study sought to determine if yoga could be used as an alternative method and, although no "strong support" was found, the authors nevertheless concluded that "yoga may have merit as a complementary treatment for boys with ADHD already stabilized on medication" (Jensen & Kenny, 2004, p. 205). It has been suggested that of all the alternative treatments proposed, music may have the best impact, particularly with situational performance in cognitive tasks (Baumgaertel, 1999, p. 980). Others, however, have found that "there is little in the music therapy literature about [treatment] for ADHD," but cite survey results that music therapists are employing a number of different methods in treating children with ADHD (Jackson, 2003, 302). One study has directly addressed the issue of music therapy on the level of motor impulsivity, with mixed results. While "no statistical difference was found between the impact of the contrasting approaches as

Definition of Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Definition of Human Rights - Essay Example It is clear from the discussion that the development of human rights is supported by many institutions but the major source of conception is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The treaties and laws instituted under this statute are later adopted by several international organizations. The human rights philosophy has answers to the queries regarding the creation, concept, nature, universal approach, justification and legality of each and every human right. Human rights are considered to be universally applicable to people from all societies, to provide legal and independent status to them. However, this concept it somehow produces continuous doubts in the mind of critics and, thus, a philosophical difference occurs at many stages. A wide range of literature, interpreting and illustrating the philosophy of human rights, has been published. Thus, if people analyze and understand the concept in its right perspective, such doubts can be eliminated. In 1948, the Universal Declarati on of Human Rights has proposed a list of more than twenty-four specific rights that every member nation has to accept to guarantee protection to its citizens (Morsink 12). The division of the formulated human rights also has been done in six different categories. The first category is right to security, which gives protection to citizens from criminal activities like annihilation, bloodshed, violence, victimization, and rape. The second category includes the rights that guarantee complete safety from atrocities of the legal system like punishment without trial, unfair or secret trials and harsh punishments. The third category includes liberty rights that provide protection and liberty of belief, speech, right to assemble and participate in political or social movements.  

Marketing Mix for U.S.A car market Chery Cars China Essay

Marketing Mix for U.S.A car market Chery Cars China - Essay Example Strategic Planning: A strategy outlines the game plan of an organisation for its success. An effective marketing plan requires sound strategic planning at many levels in an organisation. At the top level and mid level planners deal with the strategic decisions which focus on long term development of the product (Kapferer, 2008, p. 182). Research and Analysis: Strategic planning is dependent on availability and interpretation of information and hence it is considered to be the lifeblood of an organisation. Thus it is important for marketing planners to have right information for making right product. Thus marketers regularly conduct and analyze the opinions, needs and attitudes of their customers. In addition to it, there is internal analysis and external analysis for getting useful information for the company (Chery, 2014, p. 1). Developing Competitive Advantage: Competitive advantage is important to set the tone or strategic focus of the entire marketing program. With this the firm can offer customers a compelling reason for them to purchase their product. Without competitive advantage, the company and its products are just like any other company offer commoditized products (Jobber, 2012, p. 172). Product: Product is developed to meet the needs and demands of the consumers. It must be developed at the right level of quality to meet the present and future needs. Thus the perfect product must create value for the consumer and it is not necessary for a product to be tangible. Price: The price of a product is actually the perceived price of the product in the eyes of the customers. A company must make the price competitive, not necessarily the cheapest. A company can compete with large companies by offering better value to the customers for their money (Henry, 2008, p. 112). Place: The place indicates the location where customers buy their products. It is crucial for a company to make the

Report and PowerPoint presentation about comparing between two Dining Essay

Report and PowerPoint presentation about comparing between two Dining Hall - Essay Example Others will have their dining halls centralized at one building while others prefer decentralized services. However, the ultimate objective of these plans is providing quality and affordable meals to the students. in this easy, I present my findings from an analysis of two leading universities’ dining halls in the state of Florida, the Florida University of Technology dining hall and the University of Florida dining hall. Features of the Florida University of Technology dining hall Centralization into one building The Florida University of Technology dining hall, commonly known as the Panther Dining Hall, is the sole food provider to the students in the campus. Located at the main residential building in the university, the dining hall seeks to provide the students with convince in the accessibility of food to the students. ... With its large windows that always remain open; the dining hall has a good supply of air. Additionally, students can enjoy outside weather, by choosing to eat from the outside. There are cleaners who constantly keep on mopping the floor, thus maintaining its clean nature. Quality and variety of meals Despite being the sole food provider in the university, the dining hall strives to offer the students with a variety of meals that are high quality and affordable. Professionally prepared and packaged, the students receive high standard services from the dining hall. Having a meal in the hall gives one the impression of eating from a three star restaurant. Among the popular meals available in the dining hall to the students, include pizza buffet, pasta to order, deli, dessert, home-style entree with carvery, and salad (â€Å"Florida Institute of Technology,† 2013.) Presence of bars and international drinks Within its premises, there is an international bar and grill, which serves students with different alcoholic brands. With a variety of different alcoholic beverages, most of which are drawn from different countries, the dining hall factors in the international students (â€Å"Florida Institute of Technology,† 2013.) Therefore, one does not have to leave the campus premises in order to have their drinks. Not unless the students want to for a night out in the city, the dining hall fully caters for all the drinks that students could require. This enhances their security, as they do not have to leave the school compound most of the times. Different alcoholic bars and beverage bars The dining hall also has a beverage bar, one that serves the non-alcoholic drinks to the students (â€Å"Florida Institute of Technology,† 2013). This

Core Team of Change Champions Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Core Team of Change Champions - Term Paper Example This is of significance in ensuring activities and processes for planned change are in line with national and international guidelines. Non-governmental organizations whose mandate is ensuring equal opportunities for all in terms of access to quality and safe care would in this regard be one of the core team of my planned change. For instance, the WHO would provide financial support. In achieving planned change, there must also be the creation of shared need. In this regard, it would be important to ensure individuals involved in improvement strategies have a shared objective. These individuals in the context of my planned change include nurses, physicians, the administration or management of the healthcare organization, patients, and the community in general. Nurses are the primary care givers and thus their involvement is critical for the achievement of planned change. If physicians and other care providers understand the main objective of care delivery and conform to their assigned role, then they will direct their efforts in terms of conforming to quality improvement in the achievement of planned change. The role of patients and local community as members of the team of change is to provide feedback needed in assessing outcomes. In a nutshell, the core team of change will involve all stakeholders: Nurses, physicians, patients, the local community, government organizations, and non-governmental

Report and PowerPoint presentation about comparing between two Dining Essay

Report and PowerPoint presentation about comparing between two Dining Hall - Essay Example Others will have their dining halls centralized at one building while others prefer decentralized services. However, the ultimate objective of these plans is providing quality and affordable meals to the students. in this easy, I present my findings from an analysis of two leading universities’ dining halls in the state of Florida, the Florida University of Technology dining hall and the University of Florida dining hall. Features of the Florida University of Technology dining hall Centralization into one building The Florida University of Technology dining hall, commonly known as the Panther Dining Hall, is the sole food provider to the students in the campus. Located at the main residential building in the university, the dining hall seeks to provide the students with convince in the accessibility of food to the students. ... With its large windows that always remain open; the dining hall has a good supply of air. Additionally, students can enjoy outside weather, by choosing to eat from the outside. There are cleaners who constantly keep on mopping the floor, thus maintaining its clean nature. Quality and variety of meals Despite being the sole food provider in the university, the dining hall strives to offer the students with a variety of meals that are high quality and affordable. Professionally prepared and packaged, the students receive high standard services from the dining hall. Having a meal in the hall gives one the impression of eating from a three star restaurant. Among the popular meals available in the dining hall to the students, include pizza buffet, pasta to order, deli, dessert, home-style entree with carvery, and salad (â€Å"Florida Institute of Technology,† 2013.) Presence of bars and international drinks Within its premises, there is an international bar and grill, which serves students with different alcoholic brands. With a variety of different alcoholic beverages, most of which are drawn from different countries, the dining hall factors in the international students (â€Å"Florida Institute of Technology,† 2013.) Therefore, one does not have to leave the campus premises in order to have their drinks. Not unless the students want to for a night out in the city, the dining hall fully caters for all the drinks that students could require. This enhances their security, as they do not have to leave the school compound most of the times. Different alcoholic bars and beverage bars The dining hall also has a beverage bar, one that serves the non-alcoholic drinks to the students (â€Å"Florida Institute of Technology,† 2013). This

BFS 3440-07B BUILDING CONSTRUCTION FOR FIRE PROTECTION (BFS3440-07B) Essay - 7

BFS 3440-07B BUILDING CONSTRUCTION FOR FIRE PROTECTION (BFS3440-07B) - Essay Example When high rise structures unfortunately catch a fire, both the residents/occupants and the crew face a number of challenges. Some of them are discussed below. 1- The most common challenge is to cope with the smoke. In a high rise structure building, the smoke circulates differently from that of the low rise building. The greater height of the building having a low air pressure allows the smoke to move briskly. Most of the deaths during the fire occur due to the suffocation created by the smoke. When the smoke is inhaled, it can burn the lungs. The smoke obscures the eyesight of the occupants as well as the fire fighters. Both of them can not coordinate and the delay results in the death of the occupants or collapse of the building on its occupants. 2- In the high rise structures the exit ways are very few. The scarcity of the exits is a serious challenge for the occupants as well as relievers, because removal of a great number of people through a few exits is very difficult. This lea ds to a greater death rate. 3- The high rise structures are availed by mixed types of occupancies like residences and commercials etc. which is again a challenge. The fire fighters are supposed to adopt different strategies for different occupancies. This is a time consuming procedure and encompasses great risks. 4- Fighting the fire in high rise structures is not an easy task. It requires a greater number of crew and equipments to extinguish the fire as compared in the low rise buildings. (U.S. Fire Administration,

Cyber Bullying Essay Example for Free

Cyber Bullying Essay Walking through the school door, she feels the sweat dripping down the side of her cheeks. Her stomach flips and flops, and her hands have an obvious tremble. The slamming lockers and running footsteps are enough to make her eyes swell with tears. The snickers behind her are all too familiar, but she is not prepared for the shove to the back and degrading names that follow. In a split second, her mind is made up. She turns around, heads out the door, and doesn’t look back. The computer, her cell phone, and now school. The cyber-bullies have stepped out of the screen and into face-to-face contact. With this new kind of bully on the rise and ruthless, is she the school’s responsibility? Schools should be held responsible for cyber bullying because the crime extends from the computer to the school setting. Studies indicate that cyber-bullying incidents have quadrupled in past five years (Ross). Cyber-bullying has become a huge issue recently. Every time you turn on the news there is another bullying, or a suicide related to bullying, incident being reported. Love is louder† has been a common phrase among celebrities and influential figures lately. They are trying to send out a message to their followers saying that bullying is not right and should not be tolerated. The expansion of communication technologies is widening the way bully’s can torture their victims. The fact of the matter is, technology is not going anywhere, so we need to figure out a way to put an end to cyber-bullies. Cyber-bullying is becoming a major problem and we all need to do our parts in figuring out what can be done to stop cyber-bullies in their tracks. Cyber-bullies will continue to be a threat to today’s youth until we take preventative measures against them. Before putting a stop to cyber-bullying we must understand why and how a cyber-bully works. After researching and analyzing informative articles on the topic, this research paper aims to inform and answer questions such as: what a cyber-bully is, how they work, whom they target, and how to stop them. By understanding how a cyber-bully works we will be able to better protect youth populations as technology grows. Approximately half of U. S. students are impacted by traditional bullying each school day (Ross). Cyber-bullying is technology powered and as technology expands it is getting harder and harder to see and prevent bullying from happening. Bullying over the Internet makes it easy for the tormenter to get away with their destructive behavior without any consequences. The article, â€Å"What is Cyberbullying: Bullying Comes Home† states, â€Å"Bullying is not new but thanks to the Internet teens are now being bullied at home. Online harassment is a serious problem† (Hardcaslte). Although the Internet has opened many doors to new opportunities, it has unfortunately taken bullying to another level. As the article, â€Å"Cyber Bullying Facts† states, â€Å"as the number of households with Internet access approaches saturation and cell phone ownership expands to the 100 million mark, so do the ways kids bully each other† (Ross). Anything sent out into cyberspace is very difficult, sometimes impossible, to remove. Therefore, being cyber-bullied can sometimes be much more severe than traditional bullying. Ann Frisen in the article, â€Å"Cyber-bullying: A Growing Problem† states, â€Å"This type of bullying can be more serious than conventional bullying. At least with conventional bullying the victim is left alone on evenings and weekends† (ScienceDaily). What exactly is ‘cyber-bulling’? The author of the article, â€Å"What is Cyberbullying: Bullying Comes Home† explains it as, â€Å"any harassment that occurs via the Internet† (Hardcastle). Cyber-bulling messages can be communicated through text, e-mails, instant messaging, web pages, blogs, chat rooms, or any other information communication technologies. For example, Michigan’s assistant attorney general, who is a grown adult, has been harassing the University of Michigan’s openly gay student body president. Andrew Shirvell, assistant Michigan attorney general, created a blog in April of 2010 targeting Chris Armstrong, University of Michigan’s student body president. On this blog he has posted many rude, untrue, and unnecessary comments towards Chris Armstrong, along with distorted pictures. According to the article, â€Å"Assistant Michigan AG targets openly gay college student† the author states, â€Å"Shirvell has published blog posts that accuse Armstrong of engaging in ‘flagrant sexual promiscuity’ with another male member of the student government; sexually seducing and influencing ‘a previously conservative male student’ so much so that the student, according to Shirvell, ‘morphed into a proponent of the radical homosexual agenda’† (Steward). Mr. Shirvell is clearly a first-hand example of a cyber-bully and this article goes to show that it’s not just kids bullying each other in school anymore; it’s much bigger than that. There have been at least three teen suicides in September after experiencing homophobic cyber-bullying. Who are the main victims targeted by cyber-bullies? According to the article, â€Å"Cyber-bullying Facts† Middle school and High school girls are twice as likely as boys to display cyber-bullying behaviors in the form of email, text, and chat, and only 20% of cyber-bullying victims tell their parents about the incident (Ross). Cyber-bullies target students, coworkers, neighbors, and even friends. Lately, there have been many reports of suicides related to bullying. For example, the recent death of Tyler Clementi, a freshman at Rutgers University, is an extreme case of cyber-bullying. The article, â€Å"Rutgers student death: Has Digital Age made students callous† informs, â€Å"Mr. Clementi killed himself on September 22nd, 2010. According to prosecutors, a few days earlier his roommate, Dharun Ravi, and another student, Molley Wei, used a Web cam to secretly transmit images of a sexual encounter between Clementi and another man. They intended to do so again on September 21† (Khadaroo). With cyber-bullying a bully can pick on people with less risk of being caught. People who you would not see bullying someone in school don’t have a problem using the Internet to bully their victims because you can’t see their initial reaction. Bullying cannot only hurt the victim emotionally it can also cause them to have frequent headaches, indigestion and vomiting, loss of sleep, loss of appetite, paranoia, and suicide. In Tyler Clementi’s case he was so overwhelmed by what had been done to him that he jumped off of the George-Washington Bridge. It is important for college campuses to promote tolerance for differences, including homosexuality. From the article, â€Å"Rutgers student death: Has Digital Age made students callous† the author states, â€Å"We are tempted to think that social-media technology drove the behavior, but as a truly ethical matter, the behavior has to be and should be considered human-driven, not technology driven† (Foulkrod). Harrisburg University of Science and Technology in Pennsylvania recently blocked the use of social media for a week to prompt discussions about its role in everyday life. Nobody wants to see this happen again; therefore, we need to come up with a solution to the problem. Some observers of today’s youth and media culture believe that today’s media environment could be desensitizing young people to the hurtful effects of their actions. What can be done to prevent cyber-bullying? Parents can start by talking specifically about yber-bullying and explain that is harmful and unacceptable behavior. Talk regularly with your child about on-line activities he or she is involved in, keep your home computer in easily viewable places, such as a family room or kitchen, and consider installing a filtering or blocking system (Ross). Also, you can â€Å"outline your expectations for responsible online behavior and clearly explain the consequences for inappropriate behavior† (Ross). The most important thing that can be done to stop a cyber-bully harassing you is to just not respond to the bully. Do not play into the bully’s games. Ignore the bully and tell a parent or teacher. While ignoring the bullying make sure to save all of the evidence so that if police need to be involved you will have it ready. In the article, â€Å"What is Cyberbullying: Bullying Comes Home† states, â€Å"Repeated or excessive harassment via email, forums or chat rooms is harassment and should involve the police. Threats of violence should also be reported to the police. Try to save all messages as evidence† (Hardcastle). Treat a cyber-bully like you would any other bully and they will lose their power. Another important way to prevent cyber-bullying attacks is if you see something going on don’t just be a bystander and let it happen, report it before anyone gets hurt. In conclusion, with the expansion of the Internet and social networking technologies cyber-bullying is becoming more common and more severe. The information presented in this research paper should give people a better understanding of what a cyber-bully is, how harmful they can really be, and how to prevent cyber-bullying from happening. This paper can be used to help victims realize they are not alone and should not give into a bully’s dangerous behaviors. This research paper is to inform society about what has been going on lately and how unacceptable and dangerous it is. Kids are killing themselves over photos, web posts, and videos posted by bullies using the Internet. Cyber-bullying is technology powered and will only get worse as technology becomes more widespread. Hopefully, this paper will help to inform today’s youth and parents. If you see any kind of bullying happening in front of you, stop it if possible, and then report it. Conclusion Cyberbullying is a growing issue in schools. Students have been in fights, brought guns to school, and even committed suicide because of being cyberbullied. This is an issue which is a growing problem and must be addressed. It is serious. By helping students research the issues around cyberbullying, it raises awareness for both students and staff. A WebQuest like this can make a real difference in school climate and student relations. Take a stand against cyberbullying with your classmates. Students will listen to other students more quickly than they will listen to an adult.

Basic Structure Of A Computer System Computer Science Essay

Basic Structure Of A Computer System Computer Science Essay A computer is an electronic device capable of manipulating number and symbols, first taking input, processing it, storing and giving out output under a control of set instructions which is known as a program. A general purpose computer requires the following hardware components: memory, storage device (hard disk drive), input device (keyboard, mouse etc.), output device (screen, printer etc.) and central processing unit (CPU). Many other components are involved in addition to the listed components to work together efficiently. Computers can be classified by size and power as follows: Personal computer: Personal computers are small computers based on a microprocessor. A personal computer has a keyboard for inputting data, a monitor for output and a storage device for saving data. Workstation: workstations are usually powerful than a personal computer. It has more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor. Minicomputer: Mini computers are multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously. Mainframe computer: Mainframe computers are powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. Super computer: Super computers are extremely fast computers that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second. MAIN REPORT COMPUTER SYSTEM A computer system can be represented using the following block diagram: CPU Bus Interface Timing and Control Address Bus ALU I/O RAM ROM Keyboard Mouse etc. Data Bus Control Bus Clock The CPU is can be expanded into three main parts: The ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit), The Bus interface Unit, and The Control Bus. The clock is an electronic circuit that gives regular pulses to the CPU. Faster clock speeds means more pulses to the CPU and the instructions are stepped through faster. The memory chip contains millions of separate memory stores and each of these locations has a unique number. This is known as memory address. The CPU stores data at any of these addresses and fetch the content back when required. RAM stands for Random Access Memory. These chips store the instructions for running the operating system and any computer application. This memory also stores all the data that is being worked on. RAM is a volatile memory which means that it only stores data while the computer remains switched on. When switched off, it loses all the stored data. ROM (Read Only Memory) on the other hand is a chip with program instructions permanently burned into it. The content is not lost even if the machine is switched off. The CPU can either fetch data from or write data when the appropriate memory location is accessed. Such data is transferred from the CPU to the memory location along the Data Bus. The control Bus is a set of tracks on the computers motherboard that run from the CPU to the devices and works under the direction of the CPU. LOGIC GATES Logic gates perform logical operation on one or more logic inputs and produce a single logic output. It processes signals which represent true or false. It is called Boolean logic and is most commonly used in digital circuits. Logic gates are identified by their function: NOT, AND, NAND, OR, NOR, EX-OR and EX-NOR and they are usually represented by capital letters. Logic Gate Symbols There are two series of symbols for logic gates: the traditional symbols which have distinctive shapes making them easy to recognise so they are widely used, and the International Electro technical Commission (IEC) symbols which are rectangles with a symbol inside to show the gate function. Traditional Symbols Source: http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/gates.htm IEC Source: http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/gates.htm Inputs and Outputs All Gates except a NOT gate have two or more inputs. A NOT gate has only one input and all gates have only one output. In the following figure, A and B are inputs and Q is the output. Source: http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/gates.htm Other types of gate used are NOT gate, AND gate, NAND (NOT AND) gate, OR gate and NOR (NOT OR) gate. Truth tables A truth table is a good way to show the function of a logic gate. It shows the output states for every possible combination of input states. The symbols 0 (false) and 1 (true) are usually used in truth tables. The example truth table on the right shows the inputs and output of an AND gate. Input A Input B Output Q 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 Computer numbering system Humans speak to one another in a particular language and we use different words and letters. Although we type words and letters in the computer, the computer translates those words and letters into numbers. Computers talk and understand in numbers. Those number systems are: Decimal, Hexadecimal, and Binary. The Decimal Number System is the system is most frequently used in arithmetic and in everyday life. The decimal number system is also known as the base 10 number system as the position in the number represents an incremental number with a base of 10. Each position only contains a number between 0 and 9. The Hexadecimal number system is used to represent memory addresses or colours. It is also known as the base 16 number system, because each position in the number represents an incremental number with a base of 16. Since the number system is represented in 16s, there are only 10 numbers and 5 letters (A to F). The Binary number system is used by most machines and electrical devices to communicate. It is also known as the base 2 number system, because each position in the number represents an incremental number with a base of 2. Since it is represented it 2s, there are only 2 numbers that can be a value in each position 0 or 1. CPU COMPONENTS The CPU is the intelligence of the machine but it needs a pre-written program to create, use and modify the data. If the computer needs to compare two numbers, or add two numbers, this is carried out inside the CPU and the numbers have to be fetched into the CPU from the computers memory chip. The three main components of CPU are: Arithmetic logic Unit (ALU), Bus Interface unit, and the Control Bus. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) carries out all the calculations and decision making tasks. The ALU uses devices called gates that receive one or more inputs and based up what function they are designed to perform, outputs a result. The basic operations of an ALU include adding and subtracting binary values as well as performing logical operations such as AND, NOT, OR AND XOR. The Bus Interface Unit takes the data to and from the CPU which is held inside internal registers (small memory stores) along the external Data Bus to read and write memory and devices. The Data Bus carries information in both directions. The Bus Interface Unit also places the required location addresses on the Address Bus, so that the required devices can be accessed for reading or writing. The Control Bus is the physical connection that carries control information between the CPU and other devices within the computer. It decodes all program instructions and dictates all the CPUs control and timing mechanisms. It sends out the read and write signals on the Control Bus. COMPUTER MEMORY The computer has to temporarily store the program and data in an area where it can be used by the computers processor to work. This area is known as the computers memory. It consists of computer chips that are capable of storing information. These information could be: the operating system (e.g. DOS, windows etc.), the instruction of the program to run (e.g. a database or a drawing program), or the data that is used or created (e.g. letters from word-processing or records from a database). There are different types of memory used in a computer system. They are: Cache memory, Random Access Memory (RAM), Read Only Memory (ROM), and Virtual Memory. Cache memory is extremely fast memory that is built into a computers CPU (L1 cache) or in some cases located next to it on a separate chip (L2 cache). L1 cache is faster than L2 cache as it is built into the CPU. These days, newer computer come with L3 cache which is faster than RAM but slower than L1 and l2 cache. Cache memory is used to store instructions that are repeatedly required to run programs and helps to improve overall system speed. The reason it is so fast is that the CPU does not have to use the motherboards system bus for data transfer. Random Access Memory (RAM) is the memory chip that consists of a large number of cells, each cell having a fixed capacity for storing data and unique address. RAM is a volatile memory which means all the programs and data in the memory is lost when the machined is switched off. There are different types of RAM modules available such as SODIMM, SDRAM, DDR, DDR2 and DDR3. SODIMM are used for laptops whereas the rest are used for desktop computers. Read Only Memory (ROM) is a memory chip in which the program instructions are permanently burned into. It is non-volatile which means its content is not lost even when the machined is switched off. It is used to store some of the system programs that keep the computer running smoothly. For example computer BIOS (basic input out system) is stored on the ROM. There are different types of ROM available such as Programmable ROM (PROM), Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM), and Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM). Virtual Memory is a part of most operating system. It is used when the amount of RAM is not enough to run all the programs. If the operating system, an email program, a web browser, a word processor, a Photoshop application are loaded into the RAM simultaneously, the RAM will not be able to handle all applications and thus the computer looks at RAM for areas that have not been used recently and copies them onto the hard drive. This frees up space in RAM to load new application. But because the read/write speed of a hard drive is much slower than that of RAM, the performance is not satisfactory. It is not recommended to use virtual memory as it is slow. The solution to this problem would be to upgrade the memory. SYSTEM SOFTWARE A computer system is not complete without system software. For a computer to perform any tasks, both software and hardware are equally important. System software gives life to hardware. System softwares are the files and programs that make up a computers operating system. It includes libraries of functions, system services, driver for hardwares, system preferences, and other configuration files. System software comprises of Assembler, Debugger, Compilers, Operating System, File management tools etc. The system software is installed on the computer when the operating system is installed. It can also be updated by running programs such as windows update. The system software is also called low-level software as it runs at the most basic level of the computer. It generates the user interface and allows the operating system to interact with the hardware; however system software is not meant to be run by the end user like application programs. Application programs such as web browser, or Microsoft word is often used by the end user whereas the end user does not use an assembler program unless he/she is a computer programmer. The system software runs in the background and thus the user does not have to worry about what the system software is doing. CONCLUSION In the report, the basic structure of a computer system was described with diagram. Different components such as CPU, memory, BUS, input/output devices that form a computer system were identified and explained. General ideas about Logic gates were given and different number systems used by computers to represent data were also described. As the CPU is the main part of a computer system, it was further looked into and Arithmetic Logic Unit, Control Bus and Bus interface Unit were discussed. Different types of memory and their uses were explained and the importance of the system software was discussed finally.

Martin Luther King Jr. Essay -- American History

Martin Luther King Jr. On the first day of school, sophomore year, my history teacher presented me with the question of "Who is your hero?" I didn’t have a hero, and until then I hadn’t thought about the subject. Later in the year, my eyes caught a quotation from Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on the bulletin board which stated somewhat to this effect, "Do not merely be a thermometer that records the ideas and principles of popular opinion; but rather a thermostat that transforms the mores of society." Out of all the quotes that had been posted over the year, it was this one that caught my attention and captured my emotion. When I would read it, I felt as if something inside me had been sparked. Little did I know that this man whom I had come to know for the "I have a dream speech" and civil rights would come to be my hero. After reading "Pilgrimage to Nonviolence" while studying the civil rights movement I became intrigued in the beliefs of Martin Luther King Jr. Nonviolence seemed like such a radical concept to me, yet I found myself agreeing with every point that he made. The va...

Research Paper in Society and Culture

Society and Culture Research Paper Marriage and Family: Nature and Scope (Belgium) Submitted by: Kate Danica M. De Jesus Submitted to: Ms. Sherryl Pajulas OUTLINE Topic: Marriage and Family: Nature and Scope (Belgium) Introduction: History Subtopics: a. the nature of marriage b. the selection of marriage mates c. the nature of family d. basic function of the family (Belgium) e. changes in the family f. family organization and disorganization g. culture and custom (Belgium) Conclusion: Acknowledgement I’m not a perfect person for me not to seek a help for others.To do a research paper is not an easy task that’s why I do acknowledge fist, God for never getting tired for giving me His guidance, strength and wisdom while I’m doing this. Second is my family who always there for me and for their support financially and morally. Also because they never stop loving me as what I am and who I am. Third is my friends who never let me down, they never get tired to cheer me u p that I can do this, they make me inspired. Fourth, I acknowledge those who also help me to have reference in this research paper, also because of they give patience to me, because without hem maybe I didn’t finish this research paper. 1 History Belgium According to its history, the name ‘Belgium' is derived from  Gallia Belgica, a  Roman province  in the northern most part of  Gaul  that before Roman invasion in 100  BC, was inhabited by the Belgae, a mix of  Celtic  and  people. A  gradual immigration  by Germanic  Frankish  tribes during the 5th century brought the area under the rule of the  Merovingian  kings. A gradual shift of power during the 8th century led the kingdom of the Franks to evolve into the Carolingian Empire.The  Treaty of Verdunin 843 divided the region into  Middle  and West Francia  and therefore into a set of more or less independent  fiefdoms  which, during the  Middle Ages, were  vassals  either of the  King of France  or of the  Holy Roman Emperor. Many of these fiefdoms  were united in the  Burgundian Netherlands  of the 14th and 15th centuries. [18]  Emperor Charles  V  extended the  personal union  of the  Seventeen Provinces  in the 1540s, making it far more than a personal union by the  Pragmatic Sanction of 1549  and increased his influence over the  Prince-Bishopric of Liege.The  Eighty Years' War  (1568–1648) divided the Low Countries into the northern  United Provinces  (Belgica Foederata  in  Latin, the â€Å"Federated Netherlands†) and the  Southern Netherlands  (Belgica Regia, the â€Å"Royal Netherlands†). The latter were ruled successively by the Spanish  and the  Austrian  Habsburgs  and comprised most of modern Belgium. This was the theatre of most  Franco-Spanish  and Franco-Austrian wars  during the 17th and 18th centuries.Following the  campaigns of 1794 in the French R evolutionary Wars, the Low Countries—including territories that were never nominally under Habsburg rule, such as the Prince-Bishopric of Liege—were annexed by the  French First Republic, ending Austrian rule in the region. The reunification of the Low Countries as the  United Kingdom of the Netherlands  occurred at the dissolution of the  First French Empire  in 1815, after the defeat of Napoleon. And in 1830, the  Belgian Revolution  led to the separation of the Southern Provinces from the Netherlands and to the stablishment of a Catholic and bourgeois, officially French-speaking and neutral, independent Belgium under a  provisional government  and a  national congress. Since the installation of  Leopold  I  as king on  21 July  1831 (which is now celebrated as Belgium's  National Day, Belgium has been a  constitutional monarchy  and  parliamentary democracy, with a  laicist  constitution based on the  Napoleonic code. Alth ough the franchise was initially restricted,  universal suffrage  for men was introduced after the  general strike of 1893  (with  plural voting  until 1919) and for women in 1949. The main political parties of the 19th century were the  Catholic Party  and the  Liberal Party, with the  Belgian Labour Party  emerging towards the end of the 19th century. French was originally the single official language adopted by the  nobility  and the  bourgeoisie. It progressively lost its overall importance as Dutch became recognized as well. This recognition became official in 1898 and in 1967 a Dutch version of the  Constitution  was legally accepted. [23] The  Berlin Conference  of 1885 ceded control of the  Congo Free State  to  King Leopold  II  as his private possession.From around 1900 there was growing international concern for the extreme and savage treatment of the Congolese population under Leopold  II, for whom the Congo was primarily a source of revenue from ivory and rubber production. In 1908 this outcry led the Belgian state to assume responsibility for the government of the colony, henceforth called the  Belgian Congo. [24]  Germany invaded Belgium in 1914 as part of the Schlieffen Plan  to attack France and much of the  Western Front  fighting of World War  I occurred in western parts of the country. The opening months of the war were known as the  Rape of Belgium  due to German excesses.Belgium took over the  German colonies  of  Ruanda-Urundi  (modern day  Rwanda  and  Burundi) during the war, and they were mandated to Belgium in 1924 by the  League of Nations. In the aftermath of the First World War, the  Prussian districts  of  Eupen and Malmedy were annexed by Belgium in 1925, thereby causing the presence of a German-speaking minority. The country was again invaded by Germany in 1940  and was occupied until its  liberation by the Allies  in 1944. After World W ar  II,  a general strike  forced king  Leopold  III, who many viewed as collaborating with Germany during the war, to abdicate in 1951. The Belgian Congo gained independence in 1960 uring the  Congo Crisis; Ruanda-Urundi followed with its independence two years later. Belgium joined  NATO  as a founding member and formed the Benelux group of nations with the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Belgium became one of the six founding members of the  European Coal and Steel Community  in 1951 and of the  European Atomic Energy Community  and  European Economic Community, established in 1957. The latter is now the European Union, for which Belgium hosts major administrations and institutions, including the  European Commission, the  Council of the European Union  and the extraordinary and committee sessions of the  European Parliament. Nature of marriage According to the catholic, the true nature of marriage, a husband and wife living in openness to life, is a lso a witness to the precious gift of the child and to the unique and irreplaceable roles of both a mother and a father. In creating new life, the unitive and procreative purposes of marriage come together. Marriage, therefore, is not confined wholly to the loving intimacy of husband and wife but strives in generosity to go beyond this to bring new life into being. This procreative meaning of marriage involves not only the conception of children but also their upbringing and education.The loving communion of marital spouses is the primary context in which children are both conceived and brought up in love. It is true that some marriages will not result in procreation due to infertility, even though the couple is capable of the natural act by which procreation takes place. Indeed, this situation often comes as a surprise and can be a source of deep sadness, disappointment, anxiety, and even great suffering for a husband and wife. When such tragedy affects a marriage, a couple may be tempted to think that their union is not complete or truly blessed.This is not true. The marital union of a man and a woman is a distinctive communion of persons which even infertile couples continue to manifest. 4 Selection of marriage mates According to my research, Selecting a mate is a process that is to a large extent culturally defined. Who is considered as a suitable marriage partner differs across societies. Various criteria can be used in the evaluation of a suitable partner. Some of these are physical beauty, personality, education, wealth, social class, ethnic or racial identity and more.The relative importance of one criterion over another depends on the type of marriage that is being considered – an arranged marriage or one based on the Western concept of romantic love. Arranged marriages have been very popular worldwide and are still being practised today. This is so because an arranged marriage represents more than a union of two individuals; it is in fact the union of two families. It can also be a basis for creating alliances between important families, communities or even countries and nations. Therefore, arranged marriages usually require careful choice and negotiations.Another reason why arranged marriages have been and are still being practised is that young people have sometimes been considered as being too inexperienced to make such a decision as that of selecting a life-long partner. The parents and other older relatives then take the responsibility of finding a suitable mate for the young people. Even though arranged marriages are still being widely practiced, marriages based on romantic love are growing in popularity. This is so because of the influence of the mass media and its effectiveness in spreading the Western image of romantic love across the world.Exclusive emotional attachments are now greatly desirable in a marriage. 5 Basic Function of Family The Belgian standard living is one of the highest in Europe, per capita in come is high increasing, and a large part of economy is directed toward production for the consumer market. Housing is less crowded than in most of Europe. The pace of life in the cities is hectic, yet the Belgians know how to relax, and they do so at side walk cafes and at the restaurants known throughout Europe for the preparation of the Belgians favorite dishes; mussels, deep-fried potatoes, oysters, endive, and Flemish waterzoei (chicken). is an important consideration for anybody to grow up with a  family. Household camping along the Meuse. Although modern informality is making in roads among the students generations, the traditions of the tight family circle and formal relations with others is maintained. The whole is still focus of life. Regionalism is strong, and while they may visit the capital on occasion, many Belgians prefer not to wonder far from their place of birth. 6 Changes in the family Sociologists study society and how it is organized. They study what a society believes and how it is changing.They explain how people behave, but not how they ought to behave. Almost every society is based on the family. Some societies have nuclear families. In the nuclear family, the parents and children live together in one house. Other societies have extended families. In this kind of family, there are grandparents, parents, children, uncles, and other relatives all living together. In some societies, there are tribes. A tribe is a group of extended families that have the same ancestors. Throughout history there have been slow changes in the family and in family life, but today the family is changing quickly.This change causes many problems for the society and the individual. One of the major reasons for this fast change in the family is the change in how people earn their money. Today more and more people work in factories that make automobiles, furniture, clothes, and thousands of other products. Fewer people work on farms or make products at home. Peop le work in industry instead. This change is called industrialization. The ownership of land in an industrial society is not as important as it was when people lived in villages. 7 Family Organization and DisorganizationAccording to my reference, in Belgium, the population can be broadly divided into three linguistic groups. A majority are Flemings of Germanic stock who speaks dialect similar to Dutch. The Walloons, of Celtic antecedents, originally spoke dialect that differed markedly from Parisian French. These dialects have now nearly disappeared and have been replaced by a slightly belgicized version of French. Although in the countryside near mons (Bergen) and liege (luik) they still may be heard occasionally. The German speaking population of Belgium numbers less than 90,000 people.Yet because it is concentrated about Eupen and malmedy and near the boarder with luxem, bourg, it has been able to win language rights in those areas. Also in Belgium, the religion of both Flemish an d Walloons is Roman Catholic, but with markedly different attitudes. Many Walloons give roman doctrine a liberal interpretation and are not strict in their attendance at mass. In the Flemish areas of Belgium the churches are crowded. Roman Doctrine is strictly adhered to and seldom questioned, and the local clergy have considerable influence within their parishes.On a higher level the arch- bishop of Mechelin (Malines) enjoys universal respect and is one of the national leaders a portion of the salaries of the Roman Catholic, Protestant, Anglican, and Jewish clergy the protestant denomination in Belgium are not strong, although they have grown since World War II. 8 Culture and Custom The Flemish of Germanic bloods, and the Walloons, with the Latin ties, have been less than odds in cultural endeavors than the linguistic situation would seem to indicate. Belgium’s artistic output has coincided with the years of its greatest economic expansion for example, the Burgundian period. The 15th century was especially rich in painting, music, architecture, and literature. By the end of the 17th century, artistic production was nearly at a stand still. After 1830, with Belgian independence, a rebirth of the arts began and gathered momentum toward the close of the century. The 20th century has witnessed ever-increasing cultural activity. The traditions of Flemish school were carried on into the Italians. In the 17th century Peter Paul Pubens and his baroque school evaded a direct Italian influence. He painted religious and pagan scenes as well as landscapes and portraits. The 18th century showed little interest in painting.Romanticism in the 19th century was represented by Gustav Wappers, Louis Gallait and Hendrick Seys. An impressionist school produced Rik Wouters, who was a sculptor. In the 20th century, James Ensor, the father of Flemish expressionism, was very influential with his experimental forms. While Flanders produced the most outstanding works of painting, it was Walloons territory, Hainaut and Liege that produced the musical genius of the country. The musical contribution of Belgium to European culture is less well known than its painting but no less remarkable. The art of modern music was born on what is now Belgian soil.Because of the linguistic division of the country, Belgium has always possessed two literatures, French and Flemish. The Matter is further complicated by the fact that Flemings have, at times, written their works in French. The literature of this meeting ground of Germanic and Romance civilizations must be considered under its two divisions, French and Flemish 9 Conclusion Belgium is a constitutional monarchy in Western Europe. An independent nation since 1830. The labor there was only about 6 percent of their population is employed in agriculture, and there has been a continuing slow decrease in the number of farmers.Increments in the labor supply have generally occurred in the manufacturing industries. Most farme rs own their own land. Many find it necessary to supplement the income gained from their small acreage by taking part-time jobs in the towns. In the economic expansion of the first half of the 1960’s, employment in manufacturing went up approximately 12 percent, laborers from abroad especially Italy, have been attracted by these conditions, yet unemployment has continued to exist in the Borinage and West Flanders. Also in Belgium, income is also gained from Belgium’s transportation facilities.Although the rail system is the densest in Europe and successfully handles a high- volume freight and passenger service, as much or more freight is transported on the inland waterway system. Belgium’s educational system is highly developed despite the ill of two major controversies. The law established that it is the national government’s responsibility to see that satisfactory schools of all kinds are within reach of all children. 10 Table of contents pageAcknowled gement 1 History 2-3 Nature of marriage 4 Selection of marriage mates 5 Nature of the family 6 Basic function of the family 7 Changes in the family 8 References: http://vcampus. uom. ac. mu/soci1101/571marriage_partner_selection. html http://mycatholicweb. org/marriage/the-true-nature-of-marriage http://www. okanagan. bc. ca/Assets/Departments+(Education)/International+Students/Documents/ESL+Quiz. pdf Belgium Map 11 Belgium places 12 The Belgium Flag 14 13

Effects of Emotions on Driving Essay

There are reported cases of vehicular accidents every year in the United States. Even though drivers are aware that drinking and using cellular phones while driving are dangerous, they overlook other factors that might contribute to accidents such as physical condition and emotion. Emotions, along with personality types, video games and gender differences, determine driving behavior. Emotions can be a positive force in determining driving behavior. For instance, a person can be motivated to drive safely by his love for his family. Moreover, if he fears any legal consequences or accidents, it might restrict him from reckless driving. On the other hand, if a person has emotional problems, this can possibly lead to collision. Some may think that emotions may have little effect on one’s driving. But according to researches, any kind of emotion has negative impacts on driving, which can cause impairments that the driver is not fully aware of. A person who is frightened, depressed, upset or excited while driving may be in the same danger as someone who is engaged in a phone call or is drunk (DMV, 2008). There are also cases when a person has to drive after attending to an emergency or after learning of a loved one’s sickness or death. To avoid accidents, it is advisable that the driver pause a while to get his bearings straight before getting behind the wheel. Research about causes of vehicular accidents showed that those who are experiencing negative and even positive emotions were at a distraction level more serious than those who were engaged in a phone call. These emotions can affect even excellent drivers in many ways. First is that they might experience â€Å"dimmed or impaired observation and reaction times† (DMV, 2008). Second, drivers might not see debris in the road or might not recognize situations such as slowing of traffic, which can result to hitting other cars in the way. Third, drivers might not recognize what is happening around them (Connolly, 2007). For instance, they might not recognize that a car ahead is turning around or is about to cross. Fourth, emotions might cause drivers to make risky changes such as abrupt change of lanes. Fifth, they might feel as if they were detached from their surroundings (DMV, 2008). There might be some cases wherein a person is involved in a road rage. Road rage has become too common these days. It is responsible for many cases of bodily injuries and accidents on the road. These accidents can be attributed to the fact that some drivers overreact and personalize driving situations. Researches about road rage showed that more than half of all the drivers in America can express road rage themselves, or they can be a victim of another driver’s road rage. Moreover, the U. S. Highway Safety Office declares that the many cases of accidents on the road are connected to road rage or aggressive driving, as such, road rage is now the primary cause of death (DMV, 2008). The personality type of a person can also determine his driving behavior. Personality type is categorized into Type A and Type B. Type A is those that are impatient, aggressive and hostile while Type B is those calm individuals (Sedona. com, 2007). One of the traits common in the abusive personality or Type A individuals is recklessness in driving. Drivers categorized as Type A are always in need of power and control. This might be an explanation for engaging in road rage situations. Emotions’ effects on driving can be further explained by what is going on in the parts of the brain involved. Emotions have effects on the part of the brain responsible for reason, thought and judgment. These brain parts mature when a person reaches 25 years of age. Thus, drivers below 25 years old, especially teenagers, are at risk of accidents (Davis, 2005). The parts of the brain related to emotion and decision-making of the teens are still developing. As their brain develops, teens are susceptible to risky behavior such as driving too fast. Brain immaturity is responsible for the high number of teen crash rate today. Recent brain researches of the National Institute of Health (NIH) have come out and shown that young drivers are at risk of accidents because the â€Å"executive branch† of the teen’s brain that is largely responsible for weighing risks, making judgments and controlling impulsive behavior is not yet developed. Results have shown that a â€Å"16-year-old’s brain is far less developed† (Davis, 2005) than those teens who are a bit older. This explains why there are more 16-year-old drivers who are at a higher risk of crashing than those older teens. In fact, a recorded number of 937 drivers who are 16 years of age were involved in fatal crashes in 2003. Almost half of those drivers and 352 of their passengers were killed. Thus, young teenagers need supervision because they are too young to drive. Another factor that psychologists and doctors looked into to explain the many cases of teen crashes is the video games. Video games on racing feature realistic driving environments wherein players must race through city and traffic (Wood, 2007). Several studies were conducted to determine the relationship between video games and driving. One such study was conducted by Douglas Gentile and Craig Anderson, both psychologists. Video games are interactive and engaging. Plus, violent behavior in video games is rewarded. Thus, teens and even adults tend to repeat these behaviors as they play. Gentile and Anderson indicated that for these reasons, violent video games may have stronger effects on aggression. The results have also shown that video game is directly related to having aggressive thoughts and behavior (cited in American Psychological Association, 2004). Another study by German researchers has also shown that video games affect those who play them. The researchers stated that the video games exhibit â€Å"competitive and reckless driving, speeding and crashing into cars or pedestrians, or performing risky stunts† (cited in Wood, 2007). This means that the actions in video games can result to accidents or crashes in a realistic racing environment. The researchers chose 198 men and women to participate in the study. Results showed that those who play more often were likely to engage in risky and aggressive driving and getting into car accidents while those who played less often were more cautious in driving (Wood, 2007). Studies were done to determine the difference between male and female when it comes to driving. Men are more aggressive than women, as is explained by testosterone, the male sex hormone responsible for aggressiveness in men. Most people want to know if men tend to be aggressive compared to women when driving, as such, a study showed a situation wherein a male driver became upset when another driver cut in front of him. He followed the car until he found out that the driver was a female. He was shocked because the female driver drove violently, when in the society women are not depicted to drive aggressively. If the other driver was not female, would the driver’s behavior of following the car be justified? Just from observation alone, we see how men and women differ in emotional behavior when driving. Men will likely criticize another driver, making sure that the other driver can hear him. Women, on the other hand, will likely criticize other drivers to themselves because they fear retaliation. There are also instances when emotional behaviors get in the way of safe driving. For instance, a girl asked her boyfriend to drive her home, but the boyfriend got upset. At 60mph, he sped around corners where the speed limit was 25mph. The boyfriend’s want for being in control forced his girlfriend to comply with his emotions. Anger sometimes gets the best of drivers. It results to behavior that is destructive for both the driver and the passenger (Lucey, n. d. ). Emotions affect driving. When a person is elated, frightened, worried or depressed, he or she might not be able to perform well in driving. Aside from emotions, other factors that can affect driving are personality types, video game influences and gender differences. References American Psychological Association.(2004, June 8). Violent video games – Psychologists help protect children from harmful effects. Retrieved December 1, 2008, from http://www. psychologymatters. org/videogames. html Connolly, A. (2007). How to control your emotions on the road. Associated Content. Retrieved December 1, 2008, from http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/157425/how_to_control_your_emotions_on_the. html Davis, R. (2005). 16, Is it too young to drive a car? USA Today. Retrieved December 1, 2008, from http://www. usatoday. com/educate/college/firstyear/articles/20050306. htm DMV. (2008). How emotions affect driving. Retrieved December 1, 2008, from http://www. dmv. org/how-to-guides/driving-and-emotions. php Lucey, C. (n. d. ). Gender differences in driving norms. Retrieved December 1, 2008, from http://www. soc. hawaii. edu/leonj/459ss97/clucey/report2. html#2 Sedona. com. (2007). Type A personality, Type B personality: How much are we really controlled by â€Å"personality types†? Retrieved December 1, 2008, from http://www. sedona. com/lp-typeA. aspx Wood, J. (2007). Video racing games may spur risky driving: study. Soft32. com. Retrieved December 1, 2008, from http://news. soft32. com/video-racing-games-may-spur-risky-driving-study_3722. html