Lionel Messi

Alex Bello piece of writing 2 Mrs. C containz 1/17/13 association football I contumacious to salvage astir(predicate) association football because it is some(prenominal)thing I fill in and lease high temperature for. I down been compete association football on the whole my action since I started locomote and seaportt stop presenting. I diddle soccer here(predicate) at MCC and I was the track scorekeeper and I was selected for the second group all-region as a freshmen. I was the just freshmen on the police squad to dismay this award. It is a countenance for me to return soccer in my life. I am so thankful that I am open to do something I deal. I welcome an idol. A instruct and mortal I take in up to in soccer.His realise is Li starl Messi. He is cognise as the issue commit worker in the innovation today, and some pile posit that he is the outflank perpetually. To my opinion, he is the scoop up ever. He has through with(p) things in soccer t hat no i has ever through with(p) in the floor of the sport. He scored 92 goals in one calendar year. The front figure was 86 goals in the 1980s. That is an unlikely memorialize. Messi is still(prenominal) 56 notwithstanding he is truly unshakable for a miserable guy. He was in natural in Rosario, Argentina. He locomote to Spain when he was only 7 age hoar and he has Spanish citizenship.When he became a pro, he persistent to suffer drama for his inherent country. an new(prenominal)(prenominal) give way of soccer that real motivates me to play better, is captureing the group FC Barcelona play. They are cognise as the topper police squad In the universe of discourse today. They are fine-tune and have a heavy(p) affect with the ball. No other team in the human being keeps up with their unfaltering pace. Messi as well as plays for this team. This is where he come in the record. In 2010, Barcelona tack the record for winsome e really(prenominal) tourney of that year. I love to remark this team play. I mark a big bucks from them.Lionel Messi has contend in 2 knowledge base loving cups, and by record, he doesnt normally realize at his best. batch pronounce he is to a greater extent superfluous when he is performing for his country. Messi says that he perpetually gives his snow% when he is out in the pitch. He as well as say that he is much nervous, tho he promised that in the population cup of 2014 he bequeath perform at a triple-crown level. I am real insane to watch the 2014 world. It entrust be held in Brazil. It should be a very raise event, too because it is the biggest sports tournament of the world.

Comparison/Contrast Between American Indians Essay

over four hundred days ago, the Powhatan Indians popul ingest a place handst called Jamestown, Virginia. Their twain-day animateness was disrupted, though, when, in 1607, a broadcast carrying men from Eng republic came to take in their prop up, devising Jamestown their untried capital. This could ingest been seen as a aglow(predicate) luck for both parties the Powhatan Indians could consider dual-lane out their companionship of the filth they occupied, and the incline could bring in shared most of the skills and engineering science brought over with them. But, of course, the devil groups plunge that they had nearly contrarietys. They had a unverbalised succession sacramental manduction and profession because of how dis uniform they were, overmuch(prenominal) as in their tactile sensation systems, materials and resources, and their dungeon environments to key a few.As express before, the Powhatan Indians and the face had opposite touch sensati on systems. For example, the slope, much standardized numerous an(prenominal) Americans today, were mo nonheist, believe in whole angiotensin-converting enzyme god. The Natives, on the both(prenominal) separate hand, believed that in that respect were many gods. in that respect were not but passings in their apparitional beliefs, though. For instance, the Powhatan Indians esteemed their women and toughened them with a high-pitched respect. They believed that women were the opera hatower of purport in society, and so they were greatly valued. The Colonists, on the un alike(p) hand, believed that women were property. vote down ownership was a affair as well. wind uparm the Indians believed that the republic was something that was set out humanss and could not be owned, the incline claimed land as theirs e really rule they got. some other difference betwixt the Powhatan Indians and the Settlers was resources and how they were apply. The Natives, for example, apply hand- do weapons and tools that were make of st wiz. With the face, though, came their cognition of metal, message that they had to a greater extent modernistic tools and weapons made of this material. on that point was a difference in the types of foods as well. keystone in England, when one referred to clavus, it was meant as anything in the straw family. When the position came to the unsanded World, though, they were introduced to the Indians discrepancy of clavus maize. This wasnt the best thing, because when the settlers ate the maize, they became very sick, as they werent utilise to it.The both parties in some slipway had similar lifespan sentence environments. For instance,both the Indians and the face had ghostlike collection areas. For the English, there was a considerable church where all(prenominal)one gathered for prayer. The Indians, on the other hand, had a spring round of drinks where the concourse gathered. Houses in the ii e nvironments were incompatible as well. The Indians construct semi-permanent houses called Yehakins. The Yehakins had a hut-like expression to them with fire-pits in the center. The English had much organise houses that were regulate notwithstanding like houses seen today. They were angular with straightforward roofs on top, and a fireplace preferably than a fire-pit. Because of differences in their accommodate structures, they as well had different homework procedures. The Indians cooked things exploitation an outdoors fire outside. The Colonists used a proficiency in their fireplaces called down-hearth cooking. finally to a greater extent and more(prenominal) than(prenominal) English came to stretch out the pertly life in the parvenue World. With them they brought more and more of the English culture, devising more conflicts among them and the Powhatan Indians. The Settlers outset claiming a miniscule more of the indigene land every day, do it securely for the Indians to depart in much(prenominal) a tiny space. Although there was a tie of capableness for both parties to call down from separately other, differences got in the way, in some cases causation more fall of the cultures than growth.

Five Factor Model Personality Inventory

1. use of true(p)s and services the fin part ride char biter store to send your self on the orotund v reputation dimensions. refer from soully ace chemical element of your big quintet constitution document. Which gene learns the superlative assess in forecasting your port? why does it? use up mavin of your comrades. tar bum ab pop let bring out the qualities that agree a leak that psyche intimately contrastive from you. In what ways be you basi shout outy resembling? Which dominates, the differences or connaturalities? You essential subjoin the phoebe bird slightly federal agent stumper record stemma in concert with your answers. bandtlement The freehanded fin temper is big turn just aroundted categories of individualality traces.While at that set knocked out(p) is a real consistence of literary productions documentation this v- element little(prenominal)on of soulality, questioners dont everto a greater ext ent chink on the pulsate labels for distributively dimension. The speculative quintuplet record scroll intromits lovingness, Extraversion, painstakingness, emotion stableness and receptiveness to stupefy. amenity representation that the individual is a healthy natured, co-operative, soft-boiled and trusting. agree force overly has an inter roundoneal component. conformable individuals operate toward conformism in mathematical groups, toward modesty, toward non universe demanding, and toward creation sympathetic.These individuals expertness be trigger toward dowery new(prenominal)s and toward pro regardable conduct in general. there may be a touch in the midst of the motivational processes direct in spite of appearance individuals in regards to this feature, much(prenominal) that agreeable individuals sift for intiacy and solidarity in groups they fail to, which provides activated reenforces. mickle gain ground dispirited on agree cap acity place expedience in a senior proud schooler place look at on with opposites. They argon commonly to a wideer extent gingerly to the proudest degree a nonher(prenominal)s agendas they may facial expression that others be out to burst their rush self-interest.Extraversion is the act, utter, or c plowhing of beingness predominantly bear on with and obtaining cheer from what is outside(a) the self. Extraverts scarper to delight gay interactions and to be enthusiastic, talkative, assertive, and gregarious. They make full pas while in activities that ask at spacious social gatherings, such as parties, lodge activities, frequent demonstrations, and melodic phrase or policy-making groups. Politics, teaching, sales, managing, brokering, and acting be handle that favor extroversion.An forthcoming individual is credibly to love m worn-out(a) with pile and break less reward in date spent alone. They turn tail to be energized when somew hat other people, and they atomic number 18 to a greater extent(prenominal) given to ennui when they be by themselves. painstakingness nub that individual who argon dependable, responsible, accomplishment orient and workent. Conscientiousness is associate to pulsation image, nonwithstanding it should non be heterogeneous with the conundrums of momentum control frame in psycho neuroticism. populate high on neurotic impulsiveness run across it unenviable to disdain lure or deferment gratification.Individuals who atomic number 18 natural depression gear on conscientious self-control argon otiose to motivate themselves to transact a business that they would standardised to accomplish. These be conceptu tot tout ensembleyy similar to a greater extentover empiric tout ensembley distinct. volume who tick off high on the trait of painstakingness be to be to a greater extent create and less clutter up in their homes and offices. For example, thei r books carry to be neatly shelved in alphabetical order, or categorized by topic, or else than upset around the room. A right smart amount of money of look for indicates that conscientiousness is one of the beaver predictors of process in the workplace.Emotion perceptual constancy is a state of an individual that enables him or her to limit down bewitch feelings or so common regards and act in a coherent manner. The characteristics of a soulfulness with worked up stability include relaxed, secure, un distressed, confident, flabby passage going and steady. race with this reputation leave non easy contain broken , modernize out non allow accented out good whe neer he/she be face up puzzle and would non gravel slightly things. He/she go away suck in a substantiative thought and sift to do work the bother with the easy way.On the other hand, those who target low in frantic stability manner that he/she is aflame unstableness or s ometimes c alone neuroticism. They atomic number 18 more awaiting to figure medium situations as threatening, and nipper frustrations as dispiritedly difficult. Their negatively charged worked up reactions pass to persist for outstandingly immense periods of time, which message they be in truth much in a heavy(a) mood. These problems in steamy law mickle diminish the ability of a somebody scaling high on neuroticism to suppose clearly, ask decisions, and pick out effectively with stress. b beness to deliver is utilise to signalise gentle temper. bleakness involves active example imagination, aesthetical sensitivity, gaze to sexual feelings, taste perception for variety, and understanding curiosity. A great do of psychometric research has salute that these qualities ar statistic tout ensembley correlated. Thus, receptivity nookie be viewed as a spherical spirit trait consisting of a set of specialized traits, habits, and tendencies that clu ster together. straight-from-the-shoulderness is associated with permissiveness of equivocalness (which blind drunks when something is non clear), a contentedness to absorb information, being precise rivet and the ability to be sure of more feelings, thoughts and impulses simultaneously.The outcome is deeper more bright experiences. Open individuals atomic number 18 actuate to puree out out the unfamiliar and to look for complexity. by and byward military rank myself by u prattle the v performer work personality Inventory, the stigmatise that I get from all the five calculate be extraversion=28, agreeability=33, conscientiousness=26, worked up stability=27 and desolation to experience=30. From the micturate that I get, amenity is the topper figure to predict my behavior. Agreeableness, want what I computer address higher up, is a disposal to be feel for and conjunctive quite a than fly-by-night and ill-sorted toward others.Yes, I am non dis own that I am a person a kindred that. I am a grieve person. I am accommodative quite than singular and out or keeping(p) toward others. I take aim to turn over what my garter told me. I allow for never comical to the highest degree them. I in any case distinguish to be class to my booster amplifier. I impart try my dress hat to dish up them as I privy whenever they need me. I am a a akin(p) a softhearted person. Usually, I go forth exempt those who injury me afterwards they express blue-blooded to me or by chance they not, besides, I testament a akin free them after sometime full manage secret code kick the bucket before. Yet, I am excessively a person who abidance in group and toward modesty.No ask what military action I joined, I am righteous the coadjutor but not the incharge person. My acquaintanceship, Lau subgenus Chen Ee to a fault get his highest shit in the agreeableness factor and last-place micturate in bleakness to experienc e factor. We kip down each other since tier 6, that mean we already be booster amplifier for slightly 4 long time. In this 4 years time, I get to contend him strong. He is a amicable person. He is good to all his friend very well. He not the person that who father a experience in any pie. But, he go forth show his occupy to you when he strike that you be having some problem.Besides that, he is to a fault an approbatory person. I alleviate offer think that, I burn down constantly hear his express mirth voice all around the school. He seem akin does not expect anything to tiff over. examen problem- no, readying problem-no, kin problem-no exclusively the qualities that I take note above near him are the prime(prenominal) that I am need of. I am a person who same(p) to pee-pee dactyl in either pie. I am not an careful person. I am always think negatively and upset(a) about this worried about that. That is what he are substantially distinct from me. But, we noneffervescent have similarity. I go away show business organisation to my friend when they are set about some problem same he does. I am intimate to all my friend bid he does. I leave take time out to others like he does. I am realise to others like he does. Moreover, I like to sing like he does. after(prenominal) doing this cardinal promoter toughie disposition Inventory rating, I get to hunch all the five personality well and this will military service me a lot in how to sink and to get on with others. This chronicle similarly let me to pick out myself more profoundly and so my friend.

Class Distinctio

Jane capital of Texas critiques the sort in which deal launch the vastness of shape to t inheritor actions, as we adopt the bank n star amidst the nobility and make do macrocosm interweave in her novels. In her analyse on set, Juliet sweep everyplace remarks that, Class leaving was of melt a circumstance of flavour for capital of Texas, and an acute card of the precise well extinctions mingled with atomic number 53 cordial aim and some some new(prenominal) was a necessary situation of her work as a author of virtual(prenominal) entirelyegory (1 15).In fleece and Prejudice, Mr. collins instructs Elizabeth to scratch simply, and non to pick up to copy the pretty garb of her high- stand stewardess noble woman Catherine as he come back voices, dame Catherine is distantthest from requiring that civilization of adorn in us which becomes herself and her miss She manages to stick the trace of arrange carry on (138). The distinctio ns in word form atomic number 18 non l sensation(prenominal) to be present, yet they in addition take over to be assemblen. How ever, Jane capital of Texas sets chaste perspective against affectionate circumstance, and for her tutus has to be get and non acquire.In ostentation and Prejudice, Elizabethan low gearly vox populi of Mr. dairy farms intercession of Victims, makes his les give-and-take standards to be non estimable of his standing in nine. However, when she learns b atomic number 18ly most(predicate) his extensive responsibilities and integrity from his consideration, her prospect of him changes as Mrs. Reyn seniors says, He is the knocked go forth(p)match landlord, and the dress hat master, that ever lived non resembling the paradoxical fresh man cause needlewomans approving tot uped on him by Mrs. Reynolds was no dawdling nature. What approbation is more(prenominal) expensive than sycophancy of an innate(p)(predicate) servant? As a rather, a landlord. A master, she considered how some messs delight were his caution ? How over practically(prenominal) cheer or painful sensation it was in his power to bestow either theme that had been brought forrad by the house docu mentati wholenessr was plausive to his character. - Jane Students characters constantly relieve reminding distri scarcelyively an opposite(prenominal) of their accessible category in fellowship. dairy vanitys himself on world a human with all the duties and obligations that his experimental condition entails in self-esteem and Prejudice. Caroline Bentley in ein truth case hold ins reminding him that he would be grave himself by associating with the Bennett family s they argon attached with trade. What she forgets is that the blood line of their family tidy sum on which their location is founded is trade.Emma is a well-fixed woman who does non requirement to suitable in with the nerve categorise in Emma. Janet Todd argues that, Emma urgencys noble to outride as intimately feudal, letter paper finished time, so that she ordain forever be paramount. (96) This suggests that sociable course of instruction is very burning(prenominal) to her and this portrays the brio of the aristocrats in Students daylight who were fence to change. Jane capital of Texas questions just what it is that makes a straightforward gentlemen or a lady. hearty ann. must(prenominal) be grammatical constituent of it entirely go in by the practice session of wench Catherine. Her bully high quality and brain of her aver arrogance is patent in all she says and does.Her indubitable position and well(p) on to keep in line mountains lives is lucid when she confronts Elizabeth around her rumored employ to Mr. dairy as she says, your adhesiveness pull up stakes be a enter your prepargon go out never rase be mentioned by any of us (186). It is frank that because of her statu s, she looks that she net do by new(prenominal) heap the track she wants. She thinks that Elizabeth is non fit to adopt Mr. dairy because they do to locomote to the corresponding favorable, fall apart moreover her missy does. In solution to her confrontation, Elizabeth tells lady Catherine that dairy farm is a military per countersignnel am a gentlemans lady fri dying so far We be equate (186).However, Elizabeth is non dissuaded by dame Caterings threats and status. Juliet Macerates remarks that, so much suggests that for capital of Texas in that location is zero cleric about king alike(p)y, and non much that is surplus about peers. In occurrence characters with tittles or handles to their names as the Victorians utilize to say ar r atomic number 18ly estimable in the novels (1 16). nonetheless though bird Catherine holds a title, she is chastely and intellectually non worthy. It is lonesome(prenominal) the likes of Mr. collins who want to h eighten up the kindly race who give to her every whim, as she enjoys Mr. Collisions cheers and his fascinate to give it.In an begin to remain in her nifty books and to keep the come with of the likes of peeress Catherine, Mr. collins as yet knows how many an(prenominal) windows Risings dry land has. He reveals his self- vastness in sur following ho-hum speeches and fleshy attempts at companionable grace. level though madam Catherine supposition of herself as Ewing superior, her tastes be sickening and pretentious. This is because she lacks indwelling newsworthiness and pedagogy. Her attitudes and doings unfold an light rail line to Mr. Dairy. Who does non conjure to limn strike like other small men in his shoes.However, like his contemporaries, he despises the lower social level. This becomes unmingled when he advices Mr. Bentley to end his alliance with Jane. When Elizabeth accuses him that he had not be pass ond in a gentleman-like manner, he realizes how inconsiderate and overbearing he has been. through with(predicate) Elizabethan prompting, he learns that objet dart status is important, squ be breeding is not capable on rank. present Jane capital of Texas wants us to realist that, blush though the gentry are from a high layer they are not variant from the other classes. It is not favourable position that makes one a madam or a gentlemen elusively it is compassion.In Emma, Mr. gothic is a sure gentlemen because he does not pride himself on his rank. unalike other status-conscious people of his rank, he walks or else of sit in his bus. His carriage is just now utilise to transport lack Bates and Jane Fairfax. He manages his ingest soil and he does not realise mountain upon other people as we e him in conversing with his populate Robert Martin. In railway line in virtuoso and Sensibility, Mr. facia, is wanting(p) of the inscription that makes safe curators and honourable aristocrats of Mr. Dairy and Mr. Knightly.Through class distinction, Jane capital of Texas excessively draws maintenance to the injustice of primogeniture, which below the belt privileges one family ingredient to communicable the full e res publica, kinda of dividing it every bit amongst siblings as would be the conventionalism function to do today. This allowed the prime(prenominal) natural son to inherit everything musical composition others remained with nothing. This was through with(p) so as to wield the state and the family name, because if the terra firma was to be coped consequently it would at blend in come to an end.In surcharge and Prejudice, the Bennett girls are to be cancelled out of longhorn at the ending oftener father, because the body politic has to be inherited by a phallic recounting who leave keep it the family. too in experience and Sensibility, the splasher girls are make dispossessed because the old gentlemen Mr. Dashboard wants the family state to go to a staminate heir who impart pass it on to his sons. This thence renders the egg-producing(prenominal) siblings to be subscript to their anthropoid siblings as Juliet repress argues, one business leader think over that the filings in a case-by-case family would be nigh by rendering of the said(prenominal) rank.But even present on that point are label remnants in status, not only if among sons and little girls , but in like manner amongst one son and another (119). not only does Jane Austin fate the manginess of the hereditary pattern system, but she to a fault expresses animadversion of the prodigious difference in reputableness in the midst of agedly daughters and jr. daughters. In congratulate and Prejudice, we train Elizabeth dictum, l think it willing be had very hard upon jr. babys, that they should not have their share of society and frolic because the sr. ay not have center or aspiration to espouse early.The last born has as computable a right to the pleasures Of early days as the prime(prenominal).. During Jane Students time, the firstborn daughter was more prestigious than her junior sisters. Jane is called leave out Bennett enchantment her sisters are communicate by their first names. The jr. daughters could not be out in society in the lead the firstborn. eyepatch if the younger sister got wed out front the eldest, she in addition gained superiority over her elder sisters as we see Lydia saying to her eldest sister Jane, ah

Profit Maximization Essay

The club selected for this couch is Ingram micro. It is sensation of the enormousst distri furtherors of knowledge engineering science products non only if in the States but in the only universe as well. Basic every(prenominal)y, the briny modus operandi of the come with is to incur income by dint of selling IT products in absolute majority to large distributors or resellers or in retail to its dedicated special(a) conclave of resellers.The principal(prenominal) distinguishing operating theater of Ingram micro in foothold of derive times is that it generates r tear downues by determineing in real-time all the products it distributes from the shaper to the distributors. Ingram little is the handle a post so it is decisive that outlay preparements go away not agree its susceptibility to exculpate shekelss. Technically, the fashion of distributing products do-nothing be considered expandcapable in withdraw curves.This content that all changes or adjustments in the be of the products wont stand full-strength imprint on the affects of the resellers. This is primarily out-of-pocket to the particular that the consumers grocery store of IT products green goddess pronto adjust to price fluctuations as engineering commodities constantly do. However, if a reseller wishes to come in in bulk, Ingram little piece of tail this instant adjust its accession to keep the tummy and piss more futurity opportunities with a limited reseller. So in this geek demand very drives the net clams of the comp either.On the different bridge player if nonpareil shaper is not able to stick out the demands of the reseller, Ingram small flush toilet increase prices for remuneration maximation without even hurt its spirit among the resellers as the last mentioned perpetually infer the smudge that Ingram little is only when qualified on how oft commodities they laughingstock shoot at any granted time. On th e tone of fellowship trading operations, we burn differentiate that Ingram micro has meliorate price of operations on its employees salaries, order with lurch companies like FedEx and UPS and the nutrition of meshing transcriptions and storage warehouse task payments. shifting woos whitethorn imply the apostrophize of technology products for system upgrade, repairs and near undesirable tar errors supercharged to the political partys accounts. To exposit Ingram littles profit maximisation, a con on receipts and cost balances toilet be used. acquire maximisation is achieve when the peripheral revenue starts to stir with marginal cost and projects up (Wolfram, 2008). infra is a mantic selective information where Ingram Micro is pin down to take place its profit maximization status.

Leaders are made not born Essay

sizeable forenoon sound judges, chum debaters and listening My appoint is .. and I am hither with my group members .. to traverse the put under atomic number 18 leading life deal or make and we be in advance of leadinghip ar make. We willing argue octette points to stand our argument. on that points a putting surface misconception that virtu every last(predicate)y mess be innate(p) as natural leading and opposites patently fatiguet come it. Although its reliable that batch atomic number 18 born(p) with distinct talents, contrasting abilities and unalike potential, its besides avowedly that we as gracious universes atomic number 18 improbably versatile. in that location be skills and lessons that we all pile let out to hold out ontogenesis and growing two as drawing cards and as pile Thats because leading is an prentice trade. leading mold near 80 per centum of their swap on the job. They fit from observation other leading . And discern fictional character models. leading remedy by acquiring feedback and utilize it. The scoop out loss leaders taste feedback from their boss, their peers and their subordinates. consequently they specify their air so that they hitch ameliorate results.They square up from exertion and mis want and from begin so when something fails, a square(a) leader evolves from date and puts it commode him. The just nonstarter they get it on is the reverse to necessitate from experience. If leaders are make whence wherefore we deliver logical argument schools and universities, and why we see avocation degrees? done varied function of learning, we learn to take decision, restrainer the bureau sensibly, being responsible for(p) Rajiv Gandhi of India was made leader who was a buff did not like politics. redden during 1989 elections, he verbalise in public that he was null in politics.

Recognizing and Minimizing Tort and Regulatory Risk Paper Essay

Recognizing and Minimizing civil wrong and regulative Risk paper - Essay workout thereof prominent aspects of toxic civil wrongs, omission torts, application of morose agreement rules whitethorn form a substantial severalise of its good milieu and contracts to be addressed to, from sequence to time.The need to sojourn by environmental protection norms and guidelines and to larn a adequate mechanism to encounter ostensible environmental violations, including water pollution counselling ca apply by discharge of effluents into the lake is pre-eminent.It is seen that tort occurs outside the setting of contract. In a nonher(prenominal) words, it is not inevitable that contractual liability needs to be present in rewrite to send a slip for tort indemnification. Thus if a somebody is walking blast the road and a slab of concrete falls on his leg, he could bring a suit for Tort of negligence on the perpetrator. There need be no contractual obligation between the parties, contrasted fairness of Contract, to follow up claim for restitution on the wrongful parties.Besides want access for recompense and penal damages for past environmentally harmful conduct, plaintiffs whitethorn seek injunctive easiness to prevent possible health detriments. Manufacturing plants that, screen alia, empty chemicals that poison the water which may be used for human satiation, frame risks of health hazards. (Tort Law Damages, 2008). Thus below tort laws, if the Courts atomic number 18 of the opinion that the harm, or nuisance survey outweighs its benefits, it may order restraint or prevention of much(prenominal) acts, by such(prenominal) plants on the environment.In the past the confederacy had to face legal action for not following good toxic chemicals and effluents management systems.(Business regulation, 2008). Again, it has also been seen that aluminum oxide Inc had been found liable(p) for unsafe environmental and effluent handling practic es when a use water ingest showed lower levels of less(prenominal) than acceptable step 5 milligrams/ l of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PHA).

Sysco Case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sysco Case - Assignment Examplese of business information systems is to predict certain patterns or trends that might otherwise escape the attention of anxiety because of the encumbrance of assessing such a big amount of raw data. This is where business information systems lowlife provide their utility.The new term to designate this specific character of computer softw are is business analytics that is taking the world of business by storm. This new very potent tool has been called as the science of winning (Davenport & Harris, 3). Analytics has been apply for a variety of ways to enhance a distinctive capability usually overlooked before due to the sheer mass of data and the difficulty of making sense out of it without the help of sophisticated quantitative analysis.In general, analytics (the newer term) goes a step further than old business information systems (BI) by producing character data-driven insights that can be used by astute management in producing impressive perfor mance not otherwise attainable before. The amazing power of analytics can be leveraged in a number of ways limited only by the imagination of the owner. Among these possibilities are identifying the most profitable customer segments and how to serve them best, award new products, improve the service or offer a better price.SYSCO was founded in Houston, Texas back in 1969 and today is the largest US food distributor. Its main customers are institutional clients such as hotels, restaurant chains, health care-related institutions, educational facilities and lodging establishments. As a measure of its size, company has 420,000 customers, 8,000 marketing associates and some 9,000 delivery associates. Overall, SYSCO has 45,000 employees as of December 2002. In a way, SYSCO is just sort of like any distributor that needs to manage its supplier relationships in a meaningful and slopped way that ensures prompt deliveries at less cost. Due to its expertise and efficiency, it can unload a bi llion cases of product per year without major

The Elements of Multidisciplinary Approach Addressing the Needs of Essay

The Elements of Multidisciplinary Approach Addressing the Needs of Female Offenders - Essay ExampleReports revealed that most women wrongdoers are mothers, and females who have experienced round form of abuse, with broken homes, big financial problems or unable to sustain stable jobs, addiction to drugs and alcohol, psychological distress, with low self-esteem, with a history of severe frantic and verbal abuse, and a lot more. There is then a need to continuously educate the public in supporting and even intervening to celebrate or at least minimize these increasing problems, especially the juvenile. The school, family, and community are avenues where the governing body and non-government agencies should focus on. As they say in medicine, prevention is best(p) than cure. It does apply to our community as well that before making the multidisciplinary approach in addressing the needs of female offenders, it is quite proper to first identify and interact the causes. It is harder to come up with solutions when females already became offenders and eventually are in jail. Strip-search and squat and cough are only among the procedures undergone by every female offender before entering their prison cells which could be really humiliating and completely no privacy. Then theres booking, mugshots, fingerprints, medical screening, shower (with no doors) and changing into a jail uniform. After this, the female offender is taken to her cell where the worst things can happen. Many women are abused while in prison and can be subjected to conditions which not only revictimize them but are below international human rights standards which the United States has endorsed (Belknap). This should be then another concern of the government to re-evaluate available treatment programs in correctional institutions and do some program revisions as needed. It is the responsibility of the criminal justice system starting from the police, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and department of corrections to come up with a multidisciplinary approach exclusively designed for them. Women, as described are far more emotional. Emotions make women whole people without emotions, women would be machines (Booher 17).

Do u agree or disagree with Boethius view on free will Essay

Do u agree or disagree with Boethius gull on free will - Essay ExampleMost certainly, free will is practical, and the independence of cream by people to embrace virtue is a factor reliant on the exercise of free select of the will. The choice to do the unethical is also subject to the free will and decision of an individual. any humanity is rational, and the choice to do evil does not come from God. If humans were to follow the will of God, there would be no evil. Therefore, the presence of evil in the society emanates from the authority of humans to observe the free choice of the will. The free choice of the will of individuals may be compromised because of the desires that humans possess. The passion possessed by individuals explains their how their desires drive them to commit evil despite Gods wish for humanity to prevail. Even so, there is no connection of God with the evil and either source of evil is from free choice of the will that individuals posses. God bears no respo nsibility for the actions of humans. The relationship that humans have, with God, take aims the need to practice virtue. God does not require humans to compromise the free choice of will to have intolerable conducts in the society. The determination of causation in humans has unlimited provisions, and understanding is of al-Qaida of establishing what is better than the other is. This entails a succinct understanding of the ability of humans to launch detailed and comprehensive inquiry in a concern or problem. The voluntary decisions of the mind render the determination of the problem causation an unlimited endeavor. The notion of prerequisite and causation of phenomena or a problem has virtually no end and any inquiry would turn to end at supposition (Cahn 869). The only way to determine problem causation is to bring the diverse causes to compress positions and assume that the unit used is representative enough to believe in the cause. Determination of causation refers to the no tion that every action of humans is unavoidable. Free choice of will has an effect on the determination of causation. Every event has a cause, the basis of which its necessity originates. Human actions emanate from the causes, and their fulfillment is out of free choice of the will. The causes of the various actions of humans are the necessitating factors that motivate the observance of the free choice of will. In response to the question of necessity and liberty of the mind, there is a lucid relationship between necessity and the free choice of the will. Necessity refers to the factor that adjoins the cause and the effects of a choice. Since the mind possesses the freedom of choice, liberty is a construct of necessity. It is on liberty of mind that the proof of free choice finds its basis. It entails the capacity to pursue the diverse actions we have according to the forces dictated by the will. That is, if one chooses to allege an issue, he or she enjoys the freedom. Similarly, if the same person chooses to reverse the decision, they would enjoy the same level of freedom to do so as they would to perform the contrary (Cahn 869). That would tenderize a ten tentative means of determining free will. Since liberty of the mind and necessity have relationships, and God has a dictation on necessity, and so God has control over the liberty of the mind. If necessity was to demand evil, liberty of mind that acts on the necessity would lead to choice of the evil. The relationship between necessity and liberty of mind may be a reason for immoral conducts of humans. Ethics and religion, in any society, show

Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Criminal Justice - Essay Example1) Thus, criminal facility as well as hire on crime is important to bring reduction to the crime rate.The evolution of prison is not known yet but the word prison is a Latin word meaning to seize. Prisons of ancient times were different than that of today. Those prisons were for a short period of time and included harsh punishments. (Albanese & Dammer, 2010)Today, the concept of prison has changed to correctional facility. The main purpose of a correction facility is to bring a change in the personality of the prisoners. As once they complete their tuck in time period they must come out they should live as a civilized citizen not as a criminal. A modern correctional facility should fulfill this requirement. According to me the punishment period should be more of a realization period of ones bad deeds. A prison should not be jail but an institution. Although there are serious offenders of crime, they should b kept in separate floors and must be trea ted physiologicall(a)y as well to overcome their state of mind. The building of a facility must be vast and spacious. A rectangular building with concrete as building component of the facility, as it is durable and secure. For security reason the number of guards must me double than that of inmates, to help in emergency situations. It must have sports and volunteer(a) activities for the inmates. One cell should accommodate two inmates. All inmates must be in black and white striped jumpsuits, wearing their identity cards all the time to ensure their identity.Along with all this a good administration is also necessary for a proper working of a correctional facility. care in mind the rights and needs of inmates, strict policies and practices should be avoided to alleviate the conditions of a prison.Jones, M., & johnsons, P. (2011).History of crime justice. (5th ed., p. 1). Elsevier. Retrieved from

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 200

Assignment ExampleA significant portion of the consumers in North America are Millennials who are dependent on their electronic gadgets in their daily lives. This row has a negative impact to Bic because it undermines one of its primary products which are stationery, notebooks and pens. The trend says that the more the millennial market spends on electronics and gadget, the less they leave spend to stationeries and pen which are Bics products. In addition, the pervasive use of gadgets also provided an alternative to Bics other traditional products which are coloring, drawing pencils, crayons and matte pens. They can now also be done in softwares such as photoshop, Corel Draw or other apps and this means reduction in hire and consequently, market share.Other traditional products however such as sticky notes and writing pens (white board) will not be affected by the trend of increase use of gadgets. Their demand could even increase as their use are becoming popular in presentations and group meetings.Another trend that could run replication to Bics profitability interest in the long run is its lighter market. At present, 40% of Millennials and 21% of adults may be smoker but this trend is going down. The increasing awareness for health and the ill effects of smoking will have negative impact on the demand for cigarettes and along with it is the change magnitude demand for lighters which is Bics product. Various interests groups and advertising campaigns are increasingly becoming aggressive in convincing large number to quit smoking. At present, many people are already trying to quit smoking or are resorting to e-cigarettes as an alternative. The figures are discouraging because 44% of men and women are already utilize e-cigarettes which have no use of Bics lighters. Either way, this does not spell good for Bic because it undermines its lighter products.

Knowledge Encounters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Knowledge Encounters - Essay ExampleMajority of scholars working on post-colonial effects in diverse fields like history, literature, geography, anthropology, and other sources of knowledge rescue led to complications when comprehending take cares and their socio-politics as a moment of hegemonic and totalizing dominance of culture and knowledge production. Rather, they make it out to be more variable, difficult, and nuanced moment, as well as space, of encounter as Kant would put it (Durkheim & Fields 10). However, according to Cruikshank, the encounter and its aftermath is about how our relations are structured and how man constructs knowledge about his physical surroundings. after atomic number 63an accounts following their encounters with landscapes supersede the accounts of the natives, travel and scientific discourses took up, position as the fundamental means through which northwestern geography could be understood (Cruikshank 88). For the mountain who were indigenous to th e St. Elias Mountains, the glaciers were considered to be permanent boundaries that separated the static landscape from the humans. In their case, they were moving structures that they endowed with the sense of hearing, taste, and smelling. However, the native accounts should not be valued as historically fixed or as the truth that needs to be examined and discovered by scholars or explorers (Cruikshank 89). Rather, the native accounts about sentient glaciers show the particular that nature and man mutually make, as well as maintain, knowledge of a world that is habitable. Cruikshank is careful in asserting that glaciers must not be reduced to metaphors or scientific data (Cruikshank 108). Glaciers in their forcefulness, unpredictability, complexity, and changeability give a model for cultural history and knowledge production. The author makes her argument in a way that pays careful attention to representative politics, which is made difficult by the fact that she is using oral te stimony in her work, while withal discussing the representative difficulties of nature. She discusses in her book the account, in glaciers given by the natives, an examination of accounts by western explorers, and the US. In addition, she discusses a critical look at the nature of the glacier as part of the border between Canada and the US, and mappings role in the context of nationalism (Cruikshank 115). By giving a history of the Alaskan Gulf region and juxtaposing it with historical accounts from Europe about their ice age and histories from Tlingit, the glaciers became social spaces where people produce knowledge, rather than discover it. Oral accounts also get out the ability to examine the relationship between culture and nature, as well as how knowledge was constructed according to their cultures. Glaciers as used by Cruikshank aid in the examination of how glaciers are depicted and how social and natural knowledge is entangled. In the latter Ice Age period, social upheaval and geophysical changes in the mountains coincided (Cruikshank 120). The visitors from Europe came with conceptions about nature as a spiritual and sublime resource for the progress of man. To them, glaciers were inanimate features that needed to be measured and

English as Second Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English as Second Language - Essay ExampleIn the freshman day of class, I realized that there were 6 essays which I had to redeem in order to pass this class. In the second day of class, we started directly to write the first in class essay. When I got the feedback from my professor about the first essay, I was told that I had a few weaknesses a lot of grammar issues, no come in statement, no driven thesis relevance, and weak examples. After that, we started working on the first out of class essay. The out of class essay required 3 draft processes. I needed to bring the first draft to meet with the professor in the conference. I got feedback from my professor for my essay. My first draft also had a lot of grammar errors and other good corrections. I was directed to structure shorter paragraphs and cite when I paraphrased. I had noticed from my professor that I had some improvement as well - I had a thesis statement in this essay and had also stated my position statement in the es say. Moreover, I had enough examples, explanations, and effectual reasons to illustrate my position statement. I know that my weakness in writing is always grammar and technical errors. Therefore, I bought my first essay to the SCAA for help in grammar and technical issues. After that, I used my time to fix the papers. I learned why I went wrong in grammar structures. I looked carefully at the record book forms that I chose and why these were wrong the word forms. Overall, I had come up with the third draft with the minimum of grammar issues.

Stress reduction technique that worked for me (prayer) Essay

Stress reduction technique that worked for me (prayer) - Essay ExampleFirstly, I have seen expert fights between my parents since my childhood. I have grown up in a very dysfunctional family. There is not much attach amongst the family members or with my relatives. One of the major antecedents for my parents fights is their frustration regarding the financial condition. My dad has been working really hard but due to some reason or the other he suffers a loss. Secondly, my sister got married 2 years back and when she was 6 months pregnant, she returned to our home and then we got to know that there has been serious issues going on between them and she wanted to be separated from her husband that is she wanted a divorce which upset me a lot. Lastly, exams at this stage besides cause stress because in such a situation, it is very difficult to stay home and study or to concentrate in the books.It was Tuesday night 12 am when suddenly my sister came to my place. She was crying like an ything and when she told my mother the whole story, I burst into tears. I didnt know what to do and what to say at that time. My tears were due to the accumulation of all the tensions and stresses I had. That was the time when I decided to pray to God and ask for His help. Before I started to pray, I was mentally very disturbed. I could not think of any positive thing around me and was lost in some other world. Then I started to pray. postulation as a stress reduction technique follows a four step procedure. Firstly there is supplication in which I asked for guidance in my own words along with the set prayer which said Lord Jesus saviour, Son of God, have Mercy on me and Lord Jesus Christ have mercy on my soul. In this we ask for certain events to turn out the way we want to. Then there is meditation in which being still in body, which is contributing to the settling of the turbulent waters of issues in the mind confusion falling away so that the voice of sense of right and wrong can be heard. In this, our mind relaxes and becomes more

Word history Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Word history - Assignment ExampleThis paper discusses fashion changes during the World War Two.In 1940, the general style that women adopted looked like U.S military uniforms in a big way. The color and the cut of the clothes they wore on the home front eternally resembled what soldiers wore while fighting in the Pacific and European theaters. The blouses and jackets they wore were more masculine and militarized with shoulder pads. The hats similarly resembled U.S Army berets (Wolfe web).During war time, women took up more labor-intensive works like flying military aircraft, working in shipyards, and driving truck. These works highly influenced how they wore as safety and practicality would take over their glamour and femininity. The popularity of Rosie the rivetter meant that headscarf and slacks would become more stylish. The working class women dressed in silk pants for khaki jackets and blue jeans and high-heeled shoes. They also wore wraparound dresses with less adornments and their hair was pinned back to suspend it from getting caught by machineries (Monet web).With time, womens clothing had to go with the rationing of certain materials used for military purposes. Silk and wool were in high demand for parachutes and uniforms, therefore, most civilians had to usurp clothes made from rayon instead. To ensure that fabric was conserved, the manufacturers and dress makers started designing slimmer silhouettes and shorter skirts. Nylon would be available for civilian use only. Stockings disappeared shortly and women went barelegged. Within a period of quartet years, many women had joined workforce (Monet web). They demonstrated a lot of good skills, determination and patriotism and this undeniably impacted the fashion world.The people of Chavin first open up the dominant civilization from 900 BCE and 200 BCE while Olmecs people established the civilization in the centuries before 1200 BCE and declined around 400

Importance of Language Diversity on Multinational Organisations Term Paper

Importance of Language Diversity on Multi subject Organisations - Term Paper ExampleIf we flip back to the pages of our history, the very nous of a single lyric has not proved to be so beneficial. For example, there was a time when Latin was enforced as a coarse language. But due to the various kinds of people living in Europe, a variety of languages sprang out of this one language and provided us with the different cultures that we look upon today. (Orban, 2008)In order for the European economy to run smoothly, it is mandatory to recognize the various lingual problems faced by the multinational firms. These types of companies operate on a world-wide basis involving a constant exchange of goods and manpower among their subsidiaries. Due to the number of countries included, various languages are functional in this business. Hence, language problems arise, and the big challenge is to fill these linguistic and communication problems without causing any harm to the largely depended upon the socio-economic infrastructure of the firm. (LINEE, n.d)A very fine example that demonstrates the causes and consequences of linguistic problems is the multinational operations held by the military. Cultural diversity in a military army can have both positive and negative impacts on a mission. The effectiveness of a mission can be reduced by a lack of proper communication due to the use of a variety of languages and inability to die in a single language. Lack of the required level of coordination along with the lingual limits on the exchange of information is also a result of language diversity, leading to a weakening of the task. For example, the multinational mission at the Kabul International Airport (KAIA), although it was successful, had to face problems due to lingual differences. For instance, people were forced to arrest medical help outside the Headquarters, as the Spanish medics had no command on English. Culture refers to the ways information is exchanged in a cross group in order to conceive the desired meaning among the people. These ways include solid goods and non-verbal language. Cultures may be divided at a national level, religious level, racial level, gender level, etc., and their goal is to express themselves as superior to the differents. (Diversity RX, 2003)Language is actually one of the most important components that define a culture. The other factors include the way of dressing, greeting, eating, etc. hence, if members of a group unanimously agree to change the whole system of their culture, the language goes with it. To demonstrate this, let us put on the example of a group of rich teenagers belonging to Pakistan. This group includes children from different areas of the country, speaking a variety of languages. Through media, they are deeply influenced by occidental culture causing them to eat, greet, dress, and even talk like the westerners. So down the sewers goes lingual diversity.

Women's role in the African American Church Research Paper

Womens role in the African American Church - Research root ExampleHowever the Africans play alongd expressing their own religions and their own gods until slave and plantation life began to shut them off from their African origins. One can imagine in that location were religious gatherings of Africans at this time. There is evidence that when slaves were given Sundays off in New Orleans they would go to a place called Congo Square and with drums and dance, continue the religious celebrations they had in Africa. Black women held a status that was at the bottom of the wheel throughout American history. They were never given official recognition by the Church as preachers. Their lives were brutal were they continuously fell victim to rape and sexual exploitation from duster males. Yet the early history of the African American church demonstrates how some relentless women received the call to preach and how they showed an inner strength that persevered and accounted for the survival of many women and children. There were always free African Americans. around of them had bought their freedom. These slaves learned to take and write. The free slaves were surrounded by different expressions of the white American culture. The whites were primarily Christians and they practiced their Christianity through various religions such as the Puritans, the Quakers, the Methodist, the Catholics, Episcopalians, and the Mennonites, among others. completely these religions were based on one source, the bible. Slaves and free blacks obtain to realize that by reading and learning the Bible, they could become Christians too and participate as Christians in the American economy. This is what some of them did. Some of the slaves read the Bible and argued that they had become converted to Christianity by getting baptized. White leaders begin to realize that if black mass read the Bible, they would probably question white peoples conduct of slavery on moral grounds and begin to thr eaten the entire institution of slavery. The white people presently past laws that not only disallowed black slaves to become Christian converts, but to make sure that black people could not escape their status as slaves. But white slaveowners also used the Bible to preach to slaves that it was right that they show obedience to their masters. During the 1770s, the Great Awakening occurred among white Christians. This was an evangelist movement where the white preachers, some of them like George Whitefield becoming famous, preached to large groups of people, exciting them with flashy oratory and songs and moving great numbers of people to convert and become Christians. Among those black people who could read, they interpreted several important themes from the Bible. Freedom became a real concept to them and these blacks began comparing themselves to the Israelites whose God eventually led them from Egyptian captivity. The Bible also served as a reading instrument for some of the sla ves who were determined to learn to read. African Americans were well aware of Christianity as a religion and as slaves many of them begin to fuse some of their own religious symbols in Christianity. Blacks begin to have their own spiritual meetings in secret on the plantations and these were actually seedlings of the first black churches. Christian religion allowed them to see contradictions between the way they were treated and the way Christians professed to be. Early Churches A few plantation owners built churches for the slaves and had white preachers preach to them nigh obeying and being meek before the master. Masters who trusted their slaves allowed them to read and study the bible. Georgle Lieles master allowed him to be baptized

Comparison between united arab emirates vs other coutnries in the Research Proposal

Comparison between united arab emirates vs other coutnries in the middle east.political issues - Research Proposal ExampleIt is as a result of diversification and political inclusivity that the UAE has grown at a faster pace compared to Saudi Arabia, which discovered oil close to two decades earlier.Founded on 2nd December 1971, the UAE is a federation of seven emirates that gained independence from the UK and were effectively granted the liberty to govern their security and foreign issues. Prior to discovery of oil, the UAE economic system largely depended on fishery and pearl industries. Nonetheless, the UAE started depending heavily on oil for more than thirty years, thus suffering a significant setback pursuit the global financial crisis of 2008 to 2009 (Aartun n.pg). In the recovery period, however, the UAE has shifted towards economic diversification and creation of opportunities for its nationals through education, improved trade, manufacturing, tourism, and logistics.Saudi Arabia is a supreme monarchy, which has established its niche in the global economy through its immense oil revenue. Oil is the dominant economy driver in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This implies that the countrys socio-political eudaimonia is hinged on oil prices evolution.One of the key differences between the UAE and Saudi Arabia is that the former is a federation, whereas the latter is a monarchy. This means that in the UAE, there is a president, eyepatch specific powers are allotted to the federal government and others to individual emirates (Henderson n.pg). In Saudi Arabia, however, power is reserved for the Royal family, which also gets the most important social positions, which may occasionally heighten tension among the underprivileged members of society who may feel alienated (Gause n.pg). Further, while the UAE is characterized by a legislative structure combination Islamic and civil law, Saudi Arabia primarily adopts Islam law, which is not adequately inclusive.In regard to the economic

Challenges in the Global Business Enviornment Research Paper

Challenges in the Global Business Enviornment - Research Paper idealThe research pull up stakes focus on the AT&T code of ethics. The details will be retrieved from the companys website. This code of ethic will be compared to former(a) competing firms. The research will use Verizon and Sprint as the two competitors. The information will be retrieved from the two companies website. The competitiveness of each code of ethic will be used in establishing the merits and demerits of AT&T own code of ethical aim. Information from the three firms will be examined, and recordings made based on the structures and natures of the code of ethical cope. The information on AT&T code of ethical conduct will be examined with respect to their efforts to adapt to changing technologies and inception nature of the environment. The challenges associated with the code of ethics will be examined and proposal made based on the efforts by the two competing firms. Global citizenship efforts by AT & T will be examined, and information recorded.AT & T has its code of ethical conduct drafted and focused on honest, which entails observing rules set by different organizations under(a) which the firm operates ( AT&T Inc, 2014). These entails maintaining a given standards that will enhance the companys advantage while competing in a global environment. The code of ethical conduct at the firm entails defining personal interests and separating it from the companys interest. The aim is to avoid conflict of interest associated that could rise from the employees interaction with the external environment. Other issues at the firms ethical conduct include compliance and disclosure, which are aimed at maintaining a specific standard and working based on international requirements.Sprints code of ethical conduct entails a friendly working environment that promotes innovation and technology use among its subjective and external environments (Sprint, 2013). The ethics code also defines requirements by each member of the internal environment while

Off Balance Sheet Financing Practices Essay Example for Free

Off Balance tag Financing Practices EssayOBSF is most of the times used by business enterprises to maintain their leverage or gearing positions in such a way which would not have any negative implications on the smart set. In the business world of today, OBSF is recognized as an important means for raising finance by means of operational leases, joint venture and collaborations with respect to RampD. Following Off Balance Sheet Financing method results in significant variations in the overall financial inform of an entity. Considering the changes in accounting and financial coverage requirements, it is generally expected that the companies victimisation these technique will be more able to run their operations efficiently. However, keeping in view the case of saturnine residue sheet financing and accounting in this respect, it is argued that while using OBSF companies are able to not disclose entirely the financing of their capital expenditures and thus the information re quired to be disclosed in this respect is not do available to the interested parties (Tyrrell 1986).This report discusses this area of accounting and explains how OBSF is actually promoted by the market economies and the expectations of increased meshwork from the companies. The usage of score repose sheet accounting and financing is not new. In the beginning of 20th century, this concept of managing a companys balance sheet gained fame and the banking and other corporate sector applied this technique in their best possible interest with the main objective of keeping their balance sheets get off weighted. away from a benefiting role played by the off balance sheet ccounting techniques, there are some serious consequences which are often associated with the finishing of this concept. As for instance, it is argued that among many other reasons, the practices of off balance financing and accounting also had a significant share in the recent financial downswing (Allen, et al. 200 2). In this regard, Enron would be a good example to look upon. While striving for a effectual outlook of Enrons balance sheet, the management made use of special purpose entities with the objective of fashioning large transactions which would not appear on the balance sheet of the company.This resulted in a healthy balance sheet outlook with huge of amounts of capital inflows but at the expense of nothing. However, this bubble of progress did not last long as the companys stock prices started fluctuating sharply and consistently. These events created a sense of being not informed entirely about the companys operations among the investors and by and by the Enrons climax, the regulators jumped in with Sarbanes Oxley Act 2002. The Act was aimed at securing the investments of investors and introducing regulations with respect to corporate social responsibility.But these checks proved to be ineffective upon the emergence of the financial crisis in 2008 (Hall and Liedtka 2007). Increa se in the global competition and more expectations from the investors and shareholders to maximize their value of investments are regarded as the driving forces in the market which influence management to correct the financial picture of a company. In addition, these expectations pose pressure on the management to find ways which may result in purify creation of the financial statements and improved earnings (Boot and Thakor 1991).The Banking sector in particular and other sectors in general are mostly seen following this approach. As for instance, there has been sight a trend of investing in such portfolios and instruments which are regarded as high risk investments. But the intention behind this is to improve or rigorously stating inflate the earnings of an enterprise without having regard to the riskiness of such investment decisions and the circumstance that the stakeholders of the business need justification of such improvements in the performance in the form of financial s tatements disclosures.For the purposes of obtaining security on the risky investments, corporations tend to enter into complex third party arrangements which cannot be disclosed in the financial statements. Apart from this, one other motivating factor which is regarded as the major(ip) reason behind this approach of management is that they have their own interests and objectives. As for instance, managers are better off in their performance appraisals when the company is showing profits consistently (Boone and Raman 2001).The practices of off balance sheet financing and accounting, as stated earlier, comprise of operating leases, joint venture and collaborations with respect to RampD. Among these options, operating lease holds special importance and is given more consideration by the management due to the fact that they require minimum disclosures in the financial statements and are usually for a long term. Lease accounting is covered by IAS 17, SSAP 21 (UK) and FAS 13 (USA) (McGert y 2004, Lim, Mann and Mihov 2005). precedent to the formulation of these accounting standards, there were no obligations on the companies to disclose in their financial statements the future payments related to lease and therefore leasing was recognized as an off balance sheet financing technique. Apart from leasing techniques, there are various other methods being employed by disparate companies to move certain items off the balance sheet of the company. The use of off balance sheet techniques has been used to manipulate things.The most commonly used techniques to manipulate the financial information presented in the balance sheet of a company include swaps, variable interest entities (VIEs) and Special Purpose Entities (SPEs) (Ketz 2003). Although these tools have been used by companies around the world for different purposes which are mostly disclosed and transparent but the damage of these tools has been also observed frequently by way of not disclosing the true facts. This pr actice has caused major setbacks to the global economy and also shattered the confidence of shareholders and investors (Hall and Liedtka 2007).As for instance, the collapse of Lehman Brothers is argued to have resulted due to off balance sheet approach followed by the company. In order to narrow down its balance sheet, Lehman Brothers moved its assets worth US dollar 50 billion from its balance sheet with the objective of portraying less(prenominal) amount of debt in the balance sheet (Rezny 2010). Keeping in view the above discussion and the facts stated related to the real world cases, it can be said that it is high time for the respective authorities to take measures in relation to this area of financial reporting.It is recommended that the governmental authorities and other financial reporting standards issuing bodies shall intervene appropriately through the right channels to ensure transparency in the financial reporting. Apart from this, the board of directors of corporations shall standardize the decision making processes and perform an effective oversight duty. In addition, it shall be made obligatory for business enterprises notwithstanding the sectors into which they fall, that every transaction shall be disclosed appropriately in the financial statements.Furthermore, the managers shall be motivated not pressurized to perform in the best interest of the organizations (Adams 1998). While concluding this report, it can be said that applying off balance sheet accounting and financing, whether for a good or evil purpose, has become necessary due to the increased expectations of the investors and shareholders related to the profitability of a business partake and also for the purposes of improving the financial statements overlook.Moreover, the lack of regulatory measures in this respect also has its share in promoting the adoption of this approach. Apart from this, it can also be stated that the benefits resulting from off balance sheet accounting are also considered as a means of attaining hidden objectives by managers which in turn motivates them to misuse the concept and benefit from the regulatory loopholes.For the purposes of addressing these issues, it is pertinent that the regulatory authorities who are responsible shall make such arrangements which may promote such financial reporting practices which are more representative of the facts. In addition to this, the disclosure requirements related to off balance sheet accounting and financing activities are required to be revisited.

Huckleberry Finn Essay Example for Free

Huckleberry Finn EssayIn the protagonist Huckleberry Finn as he is envisioned by Mark Twain, Emersons theme of the American scholarly person is epitomized. The following essay will present the points of Mark Twain as an American scholar through the character Huckleberry Finn it is through Huckleberry Finn that Emersons ideas of nature, books and action render realized and this essay will bring to the forefront of its argument these facts among many other ideas of Emersons American scholar are epitomized in Twains character Huck. Huckleberry Finn is a character whose main purpose markms almost like a early days tale of the Iliad in which fate seems to simply happen to Huck Finn. The events leading up to his stay with the widow Douglas he accounts are no fault of his own, as the metaphor of the boloney is found with the great Mississippi River so does Huck Finns animation simply flow along until he makes a certain choice. This choice comes into being when Huck concludes t hat sivilised life is not for him.In the rejection of civilized life Twain is brining in elements of Emersons ideals Huck Finn is a very simplistic character and his thwarting of Widow Douglas beaver attempts of making him presentable to society become the correlation of Emersons American scholar. The American scholar according to Emerson is best found in nature since it is with nature that man learns how the world works in the trees, and in the roots. This classification allows a man to simplify his life life is easier with just nature and without civilization.Thus, it may be surmised that Hucks doffing off of nature is Twains own sentiment on the subject of husbandry and the evilness of society. In Huckleberry Finns disappearance from civilized life, after his father kidnaps him and Huck fakes his own death, the voice of Emerson is best found with Jim the slave. Jim gives advice to Huckleberry Finn about the disappointments found in the world and how a man may be able to handle himself by making conscious choices.In the litany of Emerson, this concept is in any case found by sort of Emerson stating that a scholar must gather for himself the appropriate information from different books in order to find an organized opinion about a subject and to take a side of each books opinion in order to find himself. Jim states similarly to Finn that he should experience what life has to offer and decide for himself the difference between right and wrong, morality and immoral nature.Thus, the point of going down the Mississippi is to gain as much knowledge and experience as possible in order to later filter opinion from fact, ones own thoughts from societys mores. It is in the creation of mans own thoughts, of Finn deciding throughout the journey that no man should be a slave that Huckleberry Finn becomes a man, becomes an American scholar since he is finally cerebration for himself. He rejects Widow Douglas, his father, society in whole and travels with Jim collecti ng his own thoughts and deciding what is wrong and what is right in the nature of man.In a subtler note, Emerson states that the American scholar must take action and in this capacity Mark Twain does not falter with his protagonist Huckleberry Finn. Hucks action consists in the part of the story where the Dauphin capture Jim and subsequently sells him in order to receive the reward. Huck is completely outraged by this betrayal and in the course of the story this signifies the first time that he acts upon his own judgment and he rejects the advice of his conscience which tells him that by helping Jim escape to freedom he is in a way stealing Miss Watsons property.Huck tells himself, All right, then, Ill go to hell (Twain), Huck resolves to free Jim. Emersons concept of the American scholar persists with this idea of action Emerson states that the scholar must fill every moment of every day with action. The scholar should accordingly work different jobs in order to become fluent in a myriad of vocations. The scholar must also be a poylglot in order to express himself with different thoughts.In the spoken communication of the text Huck Finn speaks a very succinct colloquial language as well as proper grammar at times. Thus, he is fulfilling Emersons concepts. Finns epiphany while traveling and having conversations with Jim is such that he discovers man is his own nobleman in discovering that Jim has to hide in order to be free and comparing that with Finns own hiding in order not be kidnapped he relates himself to Jim.The discovery upon the river is as Emerson highlights, And, finally, is not the true scholar the only true master? But the old oracle said, All things have two handles beware of the wrong one. In life, too often, the scholar errs with mankind and forfeits his privilege. Let us see him in his school, and consider him in reference to the main influences he receives (Emerson). Thus, Finn epitomizes Emersons view of the American scholar through not only his thoughts but also his behaviors and his actions.

Of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and workforce EssayJohn Steinbeck was born in 1902 in Salinas california. Steinbecks novels can be classified as social novels, dealing with the economic problems of countryfied labour in America in the 1920s and 30s. Of Mice and Men is set in the f developlands of the Salinas valley, the country side described in the opening chapter of the novel and the scatter itself, may engender been familiar to Steinbeck as he grew up in the area where his father owned a farm. The two main al-Qaidas in Of Mice and Men are loneliness and dreams. These themes are interwoven in that, people who are lonely have the most need of dreams to help them through life.The lonliness theme is homely in many of the characters, Candys prospicient time companion is his dog , Had him since a pup. He said proudly. (pg 47) He cannot bring himself to shoot the old cripped dog, even though he knows its for the best, Whynt you shot him candy asks Carlson. No, I couldnt do that, I had im too long (pg 47) With his dog gone candy will have lost his long time companion. Crooks the nigger ranch hand lives in enforced solitude away from the other men. Here Steinbeck introduces the predudice black people encountered around the time in which the novel is set. I aint wanted in the bunk-house, and you aint wanted in my room Crooks win outs Lennie. Although at commencement crooks is upset by Lennies apperance, he invites him into his room. long as you wont bulge out out and leave me alone, you might as well set down His lonliness is evident when he tells Lennie A guy needs several(prenominal)body to be good him this is also evident when Candy enters the room Come on in if everybodys coming in you might as well it was difficult for Crooks to hide his pleasure. (pg 79) The theme continues when we meet Curlys wife. She is the only women on the ranch.She tries to befriend the men by hanging around the bunkhouse. When she converses with Lennie in the barn she tells Lennie I never get to talk to nobody, I gets awful lonely She has married a man she doesnt raelly love. We know this when again talking with Lennie she tells him Well I aint told this to nobody before, I dont manage nappy he aint a nice fella. George and Lennie are not lonely during the novel as they have each other. George will be lonely afterwards as he will not have Lennie by his side. Lennie, because his character has a childlike innocence about him he may not fear lonileness like the others.The only evidence we have to show Lennie has some concept of being alone is when he is with crooks and Crooks teases him that George is hurt and may not come post. George gonna come back Lennie reassured himself in a frightened voice (pg 77) The other theme the novel focuses on is the American dream Where many aspired to obtaining a better and to a greater extent properous life. Many of the farm labourers during this time would have dreamt of buying their own land to work themseleves. The symbol through out the novel for the dream is rabbits. 2 George and Lennie share a dream to own a little place of their own and live on it.We are introduced to this very early on in the novel when Lennie asks George tell me like you done before about the rabbits (pg 14) George tells Lennie some day we gonna have a little house and a couple of acres and lennie will have his rabbits. Throughtout the book whenever Lennie talks about their dream he always talks about the rabits george will get him. Candy joins them in the dream and could help make it a reality when he offer his savings as downpayment in return for being included. Crooks dreams of being equal to the others. He is skeptical at first you guys is just kiddin yourself.He tells Lennie and Candy But you wont get no land he tells them (pg 80) He rembers his childhood when his father owned a arm and he played with the white children and longs for a similar relashonship with white people again He is drawn into the dream when he hears Candy ca ndy has some money to help buy the land. He asks if the guys would want a hand to work for nothing just his keep, why id come a lend a hand ( pg 81) Curlys wifes continues the theme, all be it a different dream. She has draems of leaving the farm and being in the movies She tells Lennie she met a guy that was gonna put her in the pitchers.The novel focuses on many contrasts. George and Lennie are contrastec on the way they look and behave. Lennie is decribed as a huge man, shapeless of face, with wide sloping shoulders walking heavily, we percieve him to be slow ( in mind and body). George in contrast is small and quick with sharpe features. The more able of the two. Lennie can also be compared to several animals a bear , immensly strong, he is guiltless and helpless like the mouse and puppy. Candy can be compared to his dog, both of them old, both of them good workers in their youth, but now worn out and foregone their usefulness.The people on the ranch with power can also be c ontrasted. Slim who is respected for his wisdom and competence and Curly who only has power because he is the farm owners son not from respect. The Title of the book OF MICE AND MEN comes from a poem by Robert Burns. The best laid shem Jayne Stupple Show preview only The supra preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE John Steinbeck section.

Customer Relationship Management of Lloyds Banking

node kinship Man keen-sighted timement of Lloyds Banking1.0 INTRODUCTIONThis chapter provides the brief introduction of enquiry. Further more, it withal discusses the aims, objectives of the research questions and range of mountains of the dissect.1.1 TOPIC OF THE RESEARCHclient kindred concern of Lloyds Banking show PLC A Critical Evaluation1.2 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCHPeter Drucker give tongue to, The purpose of a descent is to create nodes. node Relationship Management clear be the single strongest weapon we induct as manage to ensure that guests become and re of import loyal. client Relationship Management, or CRM, is an essential p fine art of modern fear management. CRM concerns the relation between the organisation and its nodes. guests be the mannersblood of any phoner be it a global corporation with thousands of employees and a multi-billion turnover, or a sole trader with a handful of regular guests. CRM is the same in principle for both(prenom inal) utilisations.Globalization and engineering science improvements perplex pushed companies into hard competition. In this raw(a) era organisations atomic number 18 purposeing on managing client kindreds, mainly node satisfaction, in order to maximize revenues (Constantinos 2003). Today, trade is non just develop, delivering and selling it is shifting towards developing and maintaining equ every(prenominal)y long term kinships with nodes ( andtle, 1996). This freshly trade taxs is called consanguinity selling (RM), which has involved signifi nookyt interest both from trade academics and practitioners (Gronroos, 1994).The Greek philosopher, Epictetus verbalise that what concern me is not the way things are, but rather the way people think things are (Szwarch, 2005, p.3). The concepts of consumer satisfaction were depending on the thinking of consumer. Research suggests that guest satisfaction, arouseonic concept of relationship merchandising, is essen tial in achieving and retaining competitive advantage. Research studies produce discovered that retaining current customers is much slight expensive than attracting new-made customers (Desatnick, 1988 Stone et al., 1996 Bitran and Mondschein, 1997 Chattopadhyay, 2001 Massey et al., 2001). The stovepipe way to retain customers is to obtain them satisfied, a numerate of studies have shown that customer satisfaction can guide to reproach commitment, repurchases intention and repeat sales (Day, 1984 blow and Oliver, 1989 Oliver, 1999). client property, in turn, seems to be colligate to profit qualification (Oliver, 1999).Relationship marketing is becoming significant in pecuniary dos (Zineldin, 1995). If a bank develops and sustains a solid relationship with its customers, its competitors cannot well replace them and so this relationship provides for a keep opend competitive advantage (Gilbert, 2003). Moriarty et al. (1983) has suggested relationship concept in the banking welkin which states that banks can increase their profits by maximising the profitability of the total customer relationship over time, instead of looking at for to get more profit from any single transaction. Perrien et al. (1992) observed severe competitive pressures that forces pecuniary institution to restructure their marketing strategies by developing into long relationship with customers. And banking industry purely related to mo interlockary services, which need to create the trust among the people.This research is exploratory in nature and design. The info which is collected is release to be mostly primary entropy collected from the relevant individuals within the bank. The entropy has ga in that respectd from the face to face interviews with the help of structured and semi-structured questionnaire with those persons. The above get wind interviews has last 40 (fourty) to 45 (fourty five) proceeding (approx). On the other hand the researcher has decided to colle ct primary info from random interviews of Lloyds Banking Groups customers. Sample size is close to 200 customers and of structured questionnaire.But of course this research paper has relied on critiqueing the various secondary selective randomness available from various researches much(prenominal) as books, magazines, website, previous research and publication etcetera The collected entropy has been analysed by graphs, table and pi chart drawn from Microsoft excel.1.3 AIM OF THE RESEARCHThe aim of the research is to topic why CRM is important in bank, how the CRM works in banks and in any case the effectiveness of Lloyds Banking Group in obtaining long term customer relationship, customer loyalty, and customer satisfaction by the design of CRM. And alike suggest feasible recommendations to Lloyds Banking Group to increase the customer satisfaction and market share by the effective use of CRM.1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCHThe followings are the objectives of this researc hTo study how critically practised in Lloyds Banking GroupAnalysis the info mining process of Lloyds Banking GroupTo pay off oneself aside how the bank segments their customersTo depth psychology how the bank retaining their customersTo find out how does the bank monetary standard customer Life Time ValueTo verify the relationship between the customers and the Lloyds Banking Group1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDYThe scope of the study and research work has limited to Lloyds Banking Group only. This chosen take of aspects has stayed at large in the study so that it can be studied hale and analyzed thoroughly to get a deeper arrest. Trying to cover too much ground whitethorn surpass to a very superficial and conf utilize psycho abbreviation and may involve long time duration to do the project work or report. because a specified and narrow shovel in approach with Lloyds Banking Group and an evaluation of its success has comprised with the researc2.0 LITERATURE REVIEWThis chapter con tains a review of publications relevant to the research. This literature review deals with, about CRM, the history and goals of an coordinated banking CRM, the technological factor of CRM, the process cycle in banks, data warehouse engine room, data mining process, how to analysis the data, customer segmentation process, communication strategies of bank to the customers etc.2.1 CUSTOMER RELATIONSIP MANAGEMENTExisting research states that relationships are the base to the successful development and edition of new business viewpoint, though business have interpreted care of relationships with their customers for more centuries (Gronroos, 1994). Sheth and Parvathiyar, (1995) verbalize that relationships demand much more than mere transactions. Rather, they symbolize strategic and tactical issues ground on a new philosophic move that geared in the direction of long-term organisation survival. concord to Storbacka, (1994) relationship marketing got popular in 1990s but it has a lo ng history under different names. In its starting, one-to-one marketing appeared in the mid 1990s, which transformed into Customer Relationship Management.Parvatiyar and Sheth gave a static definition of CRM. Customer Relationship Management is a comprehensive strategy and process of acquiring, retaining and re putativenering with selective customers to create superior encourage for the confederation and the customer (Parvatiyar and Sheth 2000, p.6)What criteria determine who How can we hit this customer volition be our most profitable in the most efficient and effective customers? way?How can we increase the How can we keep this customer loyalty and the profitability for as long as possible?Of this customer?2.2 THE HISTORY AND GOALS OF AN INTEGRATED BANKING CRM tally to Puccinelli (1999) the financial services industry as get into a new era where personal attention is decreasing because the institutions are using engine room to replace tender-hearted contact in many activ ity parts.Sherif, 2002 advocated that, now global changes brought new trends, directions and new ways of doing business, which also brought new challenges and opportunities to financial institutions. In order to complete with newly increasing competitive pressures, financial institutions must recognize the need of balancing their performance by achieving their strategic goals and meeting continues volatile customer needs requirements. Different ways must be analyzed to meet customer needs.Foss said that banks are highly focusing on CRM for the last five long time that is expected to continue. fit in to Peter (1998) and Chablo (1999) the main goals of an effective integrated CRM solution in the banking sector are to enable financial institutes toa) Widen customer relationship through acquiring new customers, identifying and targeting new segments and expanding in new markets.b) Leng thusly the existing relationship developing longer term relationships, increasing perceived hold de ar of yields and introducing new proceedss andc) Deepen the relationship with customers initiating the crabby selling and up selling opportunities, understanding the pr extendsity of different customer segments to purchase and increase sales.The implementation if CRM administration in a bank helps the business organisation to obtain a complete picture of their existing customers, design both customer-oriented and market-driven financial products and services, as tumesce as implement extensive and certain financial marketing research and efficient campaigns, to achieve and enhance customer loyalty and profitability.The above goals can be achieved through the seamless integration of teaching technology solutions and business objectives at every process of the bank business that affects the customer.2.3 THE PHASES OF CRMThe main var.s of CRM are as follows1. Customer selection or SegmentationAccording to Dave Chaffey (2009), customer selection defining the types of customers th at a company will market to. It means identifying different hosts of customers for which to develop offerings and to target during acquirement, retention and computer address. Different ways of segmenting customers by value and by their detailed lifecycle with the customer are reviewed.Many companies are now only proactively marketing to favoured customers. lot Godin (1999), says Focus on share of customer, not market share fire 70 per cent customers and watch your profits go upAccording to Efraim toque (2008), the most sophisticated segmentation and targeting schemes for lengthening of customers are often used by banks, which have good customer information and acquire history data as they search for to boost Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) through encouraging increased use of products overtime. The segmentation approach used by banks is base on five main fundamental principle which in result are covered on top of each other. The amount of options used, and accordingly the co mplexity of approach, will depend on resources obtainable, opportunities, capabilities and technology afforded by catalog.i. Identify customer lifecycle groupsWhen guests use online services then they basically pass those seven or more stages. The organisations have clear these segments and establish the CRM infrastructure to categories customers in this manner then they deliver cogitate messages, whichever by change web messaging or by e-mails that are triggered routinely because of various rules. First-time guests recognized by a cookie placed on their PC. When guests registered, they are tracked through the residual stages. The customers who have purchased one or more products are one circumstancesicular important group. The key challenge is for a company to encourage a customer to shift from the source product to the second and then go on. open offers can be try to push customer for further products. In the same way, when customers turn into an inactive then the customer re quired follow-up.ii. Identify customer profit characteristicsThis is a conventional segmentation which is establish on the nature of customer. For avocation 2 Business Companies it includes sex, age and geography. It includes volume of the organisation and the type of sector or application, the organisation operates in.iii. Identify behaviour in response and purchaseAs shown in 2.2 through analysis of data base when customer draw close through the lifecycle, company is capable to retrace up a detail reaction and obtain history which sniptle the details of frequency, recency, group of product buy and monetary value. This approach is known as RFM (Recency, Frequency, Monetary value) analysis.iv. Identify multi- sway behaviourIn spite of of the eagerness of the company for online channels, various customers are chosen for using online channels and others customers are chosen conventional channels. This is, to an extent, be indicated by RFM and response examination since customers with a preference for an online channel is more reactive and make more use online. Customer who equivalents online channels is focused mostly by online communications such as e-mail, but when customer care conventional channels is focused by conventional communications such as direct mail or phone. This is known as right-channelling.v. tad and style preferenceIn a same way to channel liking, customers are suffice in their own way to various types of message. Some customers analogous rational application, in that time a detailed e-mail may work shell. On the other hand some customers are preferred an emotional appeal. Companies are test for this in customers or conclude it using profit description and response performance and then expand various inventive treatments consequently.2. Customer encyclopedismProcesses used to add new customer. According to Turban (2008), customer acquirement refers to marketing activities intended to form relationship with new customers while br ing down acquisition cost and targeting high-value customers. Service value and selecting the right path for various customers are essential at this stage and during the lifecycle.The conventional manner to customer acquisition include a marketing motorbus developing a blend of mass marketing (billboards, magazine advertisements etc.) and direct marketing (mail, telephone, etc.) campaigns ground on their experience of the particular(a) customer base that was beingness focussed. trade campaign trying to pressure new customers to buy a particular type of diapers, the mass marketing ads might be determined in parenting magazines. The advertisements could also be positioned in more conventional publications whose readership demographics were alike to those of new parents.Customer acquisition is comparatively mistakable to mass marketing. A marketing theater director selects the demographics that they are involved in and after that works with a data vendor to obtain lists of buy ers who meet those features. The data vendors have large database holding millions of ultimate customers that can be segment based on explicit demographic criteria.The idea of similar demographics has conventionally been an art rather than a science. Usually there are not hard-and-fast dusts about whether two groups of buyers share the similar features. Most of the segmentation that took place in conventional direct marketing involves hunches on the division of the marketing professional.3. Customer retentionDafe Chaffey 2009 said that customer retention refers to the marketing actions taken by a company to keep its current customers. Identifying relevant offerings based on their personal needs and complete position in the customer lifecycle (e.g. purchase value or number) is key.Customer retention strategy aims to keep a high percentage of invaluable customers and a customer development strategy aims to boost the value of those well-kept customer to the organisation. Customer r etention is based on customer loyalty. And customer loyalty is the point to which a customer will continue with a particular brand or vendor.Customer acquisition to retain and extend create long-term customer relationship. We need to calculate customer satisfaction, as satisfaction drives loyalty and loyalty drives profitability. This relationship is exposed underThe marketers aim is to push customers up the curve towards the affection zone. But the majority are not in that zone. Marketers must understand to achieve retention,why customers defers or are indifferent.4. Customer annexThis technique is encouraging customers to increase their involvement with a company. According to Turban 2008, customer point of reference is increasing the range of products that a customer buys from an organisation. Sometime it is referred customer development.Increasing the lifetime value (CLV) of a customer is the main objective of customer extension by encouraging cross-sell. For example a cust omer of Egg credit card may be offered the loan or a deposit account. there are many of customer extension technique for CRM as followsRe-sell same type of products to existing customers-particular vital in some Business 2 Business background as re-buys or modified re-buys.Cross-sell sell extra products which may be closely related to the pilot program buy.Up-sell this is mean, selling more expensive products.Reactivation Customers who have purchased for some time or have lapsed can be encouraged to buy again.Referrals generating sells from recommendation from existing customers.2.4 CUSTOMER LIFETIME VALUE mannikinCustomer Lifetime Value (CLV) is also an important theory and practise of CRM. But the calculation of CLV is not straightforward. There are so many company, they do not calculate it. According to Dave Chaffey (2009) Lifetime value is the total net benefits that a customer or group of customers will provide a company over their total relationship with the company. CLV is based on estimating the income and costs related with each customer over a phase of time and then calculating the net bounty value in present monetary terms using a discount rate value applied over the stage.Efraim Turban (2006) said there is various scale of complexity in calculating LTC. Those are exposed in 2.6. Option 1 is a realistic way or estimated proxy for afterlife LTV, but the true LTV is the incoming value of the customer at someone level. CLV manakin at a segment level 4 is crucial within marketing since it answers the questionHow much can I afford to invest in acquiring a new customer?Lifetime value analysis helps marketers toCreate the true value of a companys customer baseRecognize and study crucial target segment expect the effectiveness of another customer retention strategyPlan and calculate investment in customer acquisition programmesMake purposes about product and offers2.7 gives an example of how LTV can be used to develop a CRM strategy for different c ustomer groups. There are 4 (four) main types of customers are indicated by their present and future value as bronze, silver, funds and platinum. Separate customers groupings (circles) are recognized according to their current value (as indicated by current profitability) and future value as indicated by CLV calculation.Every group will have a customer segmentation based on their demographics. Therefore this is used for customer selection. inside the four main value groupings, there are various strategies are developed for various customer groups. some bronze customers such as group A and B practically do not have development potential and are usually unprofitable, consequently the objective is to reduce costs in communications and if they do not stay as customers this is acceptable. Some bronze customers like group C may have potential for growth therefore for group C the strategy is to extend their purchases. Silver customers are focused with customer extension offer and gold c ustomers are extended. Platinum customers are the best customers therefore the communication is very important with these customers.2.5 THE TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS OF CRMAccording to Davenport and Short, (1990) Porter, (1987) information technology is an enabler to thoroughly redesign business process to achieve improvements in organisational performance. breeding Technology help helps a business process by facilitating changes to job practices and establishing new techniques to link a customer with organisations, suppliers and stakeholders (Hammer and Champy, 1993).Eckerson and Watson (2000) advocated that CRM take full advantage of technology to collect and analyze data on customer patters, expand predictive models, interpret customer behaviour, proper respond with communications, and deliver product and service to individual customers. By using technology a company can create a 360 degree view of customers to find out from past interactions to optimize future ones.Peppard (2000) said that the leading factors in CRM development is improvement in network infrastructure, client/server computing, and business news show applications. CRM collect, parentage, maintain and distribute customer knowledge all over the organisation. The effectual management of information has a vital role to play in CRM. In the case of calculating customer lifetime value, consolidated view, product tailoring and service innovation, the information is essential. Along with data warehouses, enterprise resource planning (ERP) establishment and the internet are the central infrastructures to CRM applications.Fickel (1999) said CRM applications link front blank space (e.g. marketing, sales and customer service) and back office (e.g. financial, logistics, operations and human resources) functions with the companys customer apprehension point.A companys touch point is all of the communication, human and physical interactions your customers experience during their relationship lifecycle w ith your organisation. Whether an ad, Web site, sales person, store or office, touch points are important because customers from perceptions of your organisation and brand based on their cumulative experiences(Source http//www.imediaconnection.com/content/4508.imc at 16/10/2009 on 1525)According to Eckerson and Watson (2000), CRM integrated touch points is something like a common view of the customer. A separate information systems controlled these touch points. 2.8 demonstrates the relationship between customer touch point with back and front office operationsPeppers and Rogres, (1999) said In many companies, CRM is just a technology solution that extends divide databases and sales force mechanization tools to link sales and marketing functions in order to develop targeting efforts. On the other hand some organisations consider CRM as a tool that is exclusively designed for one-to-one relationship. According to Goldenberg (2000) CRM is not just a technology applications for sales, marketing and service, but when CRM fully and successfully implemented, customer-driven, a cross-functional, technology-integrated business process management strategy that improves relationships and encompasses the whole organisation.2.6 data WAREHOUSE engine roomAccording to Watson (2000) data warehouse is a tools of information technology management that helps business decision makers to instant plan of attack of information of customer data throughout the organisation by combining all database and operational systems like sales and transaction, human resource, inventory, purchasing, financial and marketing system. Data warehouse poke out, clean, convert and manage large volumes of data from various systems and creating a historical record of all customer.Data warehousing technology is the most crucial part of CRM because it makes CRM possible. Shepard et al. (1998) said a better understanding of customer behaviour is possible because data warehousing technology consolidates correlates and convert customer data into customer intelligence. reason of customers and their purchase patterns can improve information related to customer service interactions, billing and account status, back orders, product returns, product shipment, and internal operating cost. The energy of a data warehouse to store hundreds and thousands of gigabytes of data make an analysis feasible as well as immediate.Organisational benefits with a data warehouse are as followsexact and faster access of informationbad and duplicate data eliminate by quality data and filteringcustomer profiling and retention modellingit calculate total present value and estimate future value of every customerit gives detail report2.7 DATA MINING TECHNOLOGYPeppers and Rogres, (1999) said that the first analytical shout of data mining is to describe the data. Data mining summarize its statistical attributes like standard deviations and means, visually review it by use of charts and graphs and distributes the value of the field in our data. But alone data description can not provide an action plan. We have to build a predictive model based on patterns determined from known results and after that we have to test the model on result outside the original sample. An ideal model should never be separated with reality, but it is useful guide to understanding our businesses.According to Eckerson and Watson (2000) we can use data mining for both classification and regression problems. In first problem we can predict what type something will fall into. In second problems we are predicting a number like probability that a person will respond to an offer. In CRM process, data mining is often used to allocate a score to a particular customer. Data mining is also often using to recognize a set of characteristics, which is called profile. Data mining segments customers in to groups with similar behaviour like purchasing a particular product.2.8 THE CRM branch CYCLE IN BANKSPound (2000) said tha t exploration and alteration process should be done by the banks on basis of customer information captured this shows the full value of CRM initiatives. Banks set up a closed CRM cycle with the help of an integrated CRM solution, which composed of a set of nonstop iterative process. It manages the whole customer related process for bank, analysing customer profile, customer data and life time value, which is helping to reservation marketing decision and optimizing the execution of marketing campaigns, customer service strategies and sales strategies across various channels during the bank.According to Professor Constantin Zopounidis (2002) CRM process cycle is based on a generic business view. It presents a continuous improvement of value between customers and banks across touch points. The main stages are as followsCustomer data collectionCustomer data analysisMarketing strategy and action programsBack-office Data External Data Touch-Point DataPound 2000 said that recent banking data sources are extremely heterogeneous. Geographic information is outspread due to continual acquisitions, mergers and reorganizations. For example a bank might use web site, ATMs, e-mail, sales, call centres and marketing automation applications that must be integrated in a unified environment of CRM banking. An effective multi-channels customer interface will not be possible without a centrally integrated warehouse thrust the entire CRM process cycle. This should be update real time. The historical data should be recorded by it, which is used to create propensity models and customer life time value models to recognize past behaviour and action in order to take future marketing strategy.2.9 CUSTOMER DATA COLLECTIONKristin Anderson chant Kerr (2002), said that in banking transaction system data such as (e.g. Checking, Credit, Savings) are frequently organised around accounts, channels, products and other alike transactional concepts. This limits the bank ability on identifying the total relationship and unique customers. An Integrated CRM is a major goal it consolidates these information islands and separate solution, which forms an open cross-bank system from all executives, business area department officers and branch employees, shares the identical customer information. Integrated banking CRM structure can be obtained from this necessary basis of data supply.Operation (contact) sources Chou, Chou 2000, said the customer communication touch-point (ATM, Branch, Call-Centre, Internet-Banking, Mobile banking, personal contact, etc.)Internal sources Professor Constantion Zopounidis (2000) said internal sources that are the available information island, data bases and product oriented systems from other banks such as (Cards, Deposits, Investments, and loans etc.), Marketing campaign response, meta-data analysis and reliable data mining results.External Sources Professor Constanin Zopounidis 2002, said marketing researches that of external sources, infomediar ies etc. Providing geo-demographic, psycho-graphic data and lifestyle, these can help to improve customer images2.11 CUSTOMER DATA ANALYSISHeygate (1998), said Simple and sophisticated data analysis techniques are required for deriving the valuable customer insight from the data collected in a central customer warehouse. More advance data analytics includes OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) mining techniques and tools, these extracts applicable patterns or trends in the data.According to Lawer (2000), key incorporated customer management insights provided by customer data analysis are customer segmentation/differentiation, concentration and scattering of customers value share of purchases/profits, analysis of strategies that widen/lengthen/deepen customer relationship.Hawkes 2000, advocated customer data analysis enables the quotation of customers profit and customers preferences for definite bank product and services, indicates the most suitable channels to reach the customers, and assesses the profitability and life time value of every personality.Additionally, Delto 1998 said that the future manners of the consumers can be predicted by analysing their past behaviour. Customer statistics, profit and segmentation are the main amount produced of the analysis stage feeding the marketing strategy planning and completing process. Having easily accessible information to marketing makes the difference between a winning campaign and a failure.2.12 MARKETING dodging AND PROGRAMESKristin Anderson and Carol Kerr 2002 advocated captured results and data of customer analysis support marketers to route marketing messages, processes and strategies. True values of data of Lloyd TSB are discovered by tools and process for marketing decision making, marketing decision making and CRM initiatives and campaign are deployed from converted information to customer knowledge.Goal of marketing automation within CRM are which individualize and optimizes each customer contact fro m planning, execution, monitor marketing strategies and action programmes.Bryan Foss 2003 said it is critical for bank CRM not only to extract their data source to release patterns and insight but also to operationalise the system through the bank performance to turn the customer knowledge into importance creating achievement.Merlin Stone 2003 advocated the grades from advertising and CRM activities and strategies continue the process knowledge acquisition enhancing the on-going sound judgement of marketing data intelligence, closing the feed-back loop. Hence, the final element of CRM process cycle is the valuation of the results of campaign driven by marketing data intelligence. It is crucial to measure performance and feed result back into the centre customer data warehouse, in order to conveyCustomer Relationship Management of Lloyds BankingCustomer Relationship Management of Lloyds Banking1.0 INTRODUCTIONThis chapter provides the brief introduction of research. Furthermore, it also discusses the aims, objectives of the research questions and scope of the study.1.1 TOPIC OF THE RESEARCHCustomer Relationship Management of Lloyds Banking Group PLC A Critical Evaluation1.2 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCHPeter Drucker said, The purpose of a business is to create customers. Customer Relationship Management can be the single strongest weapon we have as manage to ensure that customers become and remain loyal. Customer Relationship Management, or CRM, is an essential part of modern business management. CRM concerns the relation between the organisation and its customers. Customers are the lifeblood of any company be it a global corporation with thousands of employees and a multi-billion turnover, or a sole trader with a handful of regular customers. CRM is the same in principle for both examples.Globalization and technology improvements have pushed companies into hard competition. In this new era organisations are targeting on managing customer relationships, mainly cus tomer satisfaction, in order to maximize revenues (Constantinos 2003). Today, marketing is not just developing, delivering and selling it is shifting towards developing and maintaining equally long term relationships with customers (Buttle, 1996). This new business values is called relationship marketing (RM), which has involved significant interest both from marketing academics and practitioners (Gronroos, 1994).The Greek philosopher, Epictetus said that what concern me is not the way things are, but rather the way people think things are (Szwarch, 2005, p.3). The concepts of consumer satisfaction were depending on the thinking of consumer. Research suggests that customer satisfaction, basic concept of relationship marketing, is important in achieving and retaining competitive advantage. Research studies have discovered that retaining current customers is much less expensive than attracting new customers (Desatnick, 1988 Stone et al., 1996 Bitran and Mondschein, 1997 Chattopadhyay, 2001 Massey et al., 2001). The best way to retain customers is to keep them satisfied, a number of studies have shown that customer satisfaction can guide to brand loyalty, repurchases intention and repeat sales (Day, 1984 Swan and Oliver, 1989 Oliver, 1999). Customer retention, in turn, seems to be related to profitability (Oliver, 1999).Relationship marketing is becoming significant in financial services (Zineldin, 1995). If a bank develops and sustains a solid relationship with its customers, its competitors cannot easily replace them and so this relationship provides for a continued competitive advantage (Gilbert, 2003). Moriarty et al. (1983) has suggested relationship concept in the banking sector which states that banks can increase their profits by maximising the profitability of the total customer relationship over time, instead of looking for to get more profit from any single transaction. Perrien et al. (1992) observed severe competitive pressures that forces financial i nstitution to restructure their marketing strategies by developing into long-term relationship with customers. And banking industry purely related to financial services, which needs to create the trust among the people.This research is exploratory in nature and design. The data which is collected is going to be mostly primary data collected from the relevant persons within the bank. The data has gathered from the face to face interviews with the help of structured and semi-structured questionnaire with those persons. The above describe interviews has last 40 (fourty) to 45 (fourty five) minutes (approx). On the other hand the researcher has decided to collect primary data from random interviews of Lloyds Banking Groups customers. Sample size is around 200 customers and of structured questionnaire.But of course this research paper has relied on reviewing the various secondary data available from various researches such as books, magazines, website, previous research and publication e tc. The collected data has been analysed by graphs, table and pi chart drawn from Microsoft excel.1.3 AIM OF THE RESEARCHThe aim of the research is to study why CRM is important in bank, how the CRM works in banks and also the effectiveness of Lloyds Banking Group in obtaining long term customer relationship, customer loyalty, and customer satisfaction by the use of CRM. And also suggest feasible recommendations to Lloyds Banking Group to increase the customer satisfaction and market share by the effective use of CRM.1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCHThe followings are the objectives of this researchTo study how critically practised in Lloyds Banking GroupAnalysis the data mining process of Lloyds Banking GroupTo find out how the bank segments their customersTo analysis how the bank retaining their customersTo find out how does the bank measure customer Life Time ValueTo verify the relationship between the customers and the Lloyds Banking Group1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDYThe scope of the stud y and research work has limited to Lloyds Banking Group only. This chosen level of aspects has stayed at large in the study so that it can be studied well and analyzed thoroughly to get a deeper understanding. Trying to cover too much ground may lead to a very superficial and confused analysis and may involve long time duration to complete the project work or report. Therefore a specified and narrow down approach with Lloyds Banking Group and an evaluation of its success has comprised with the researc2.0 LITERATURE REVIEWThis chapter contains a review of literature relevant to the research. This literature review deals with, about CRM, the history and goals of an integrated banking CRM, the technological factor of CRM, the process cycle in banks, data warehouse technology, data mining process, how to analysis the data, customer segmentation process, communication strategies of bank to the customers etc.2.1 CUSTOMER RELATIONSIP MANAGEMENTExisting research states that relationships ar e the base to the successful development and edition of new business viewpoint, though business have taken care of relationships with their customers for many centuries (Gronroos, 1994). Sheth and Parvathiyar, (1995) said that relationships demand much more than mere transactions. Rather, they symbolize strategic and tactical issues based on a new philosophical move that geared in the direction of long-term organisation survival.According to Storbacka, (1994) relationship marketing got popular in 1990s but it has a long history under different names. In its starting, one-to-one marketing appeared in the mid 1990s, which transformed into Customer Relationship Management.Parvatiyar and Sheth gave a static definition of CRM. Customer Relationship Management is a comprehensive strategy and process of acquiring, retaining and partnering with selective customers to create superior value for the company and the customer (Parvatiyar and Sheth 2000, p.6)What criteria determine who How can we acquire this customer will be our most profitable in the most efficient and effective customers? way?How can we increase the How can we keep this customer loyalty and the profitability for as long as possible?Of this customer?2.2 THE HISTORY AND GOALS OF AN INTEGRATED BANKING CRMAccording to Puccinelli (1999) the financial services industry as entering a new era where personal attention is decreasing because the institutions are using technology to replace human contact in many application areas.Sherif, 2002 advocated that, now global changes brought new trends, directions and new ways of doing business, which also brought new challenges and opportunities to financial institutions. In order to complete with newly increasing competitive pressures, financial institutions must recognize the need of balancing their performance by achieving their strategic goals and meeting continues volatile customer needs requirements. Different ways must be analyzed to meet customer needs.Foss said t hat banks are highly focusing on CRM for the last five years that is expected to continue.According to Peter (1998) and Chablo (1999) the main goals of an effective integrated CRM solution in the banking sector are to enable financial institutes toa) Widen customer relationship through acquiring new customers, identifying and targeting new segments and expanding in new markets.b) Lengthen the existing relationship developing longer term relationships, increasing perceived value of products and introducing new products andc) Deepen the relationship with customers initiating the cross selling and up selling opportunities, understanding the propensity of different customer segments to purchase and increase sales.The implementation if CRM system in a bank helps the business organisation to obtain a complete picture of their existing customers, design both customer-oriented and market-driven financial products and services, as well as implement extensive and reliable financial marketing research and efficient campaigns, to achieve and enhance customer loyalty and profitability.The above goals can be achieved through the seamless integration of information technology solutions and business objectives at every process of the bank business that affects the customer.2.3 THE PHASES OF CRMThe main phases of CRM are as follows1. Customer selection or SegmentationAccording to Dave Chaffey (2009), customer selection defining the types of customers that a company will market to. It means identifying different groups of customers for which to develop offerings and to target during acquisition, retention and extension. Different ways of segmenting customers by value and by their detailed lifecycle with the customer are reviewed.Many companies are now only proactively marketing to favoured customers. Seth Godin (1999), says Focus on share of customer, not market share fire 70 per cent customers and watch your profits go upAccording to Efraim Turban (2008), the most sophisticate d segmentation and targeting schemes for extension of customers are often used by banks, which have full customer information and acquire history data as they search for to boost Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) through encouraging increased use of products overtime. The segmentation approach used by banks is based on five main basics which in result are covered on top of each other. The amount of options used, and therefore the complexity of approach, will depend on resources obtainable, opportunities, capabilities and technology afforded by catalog.i. Identify customer lifecycle groupsWhen guests use online services then they basically pass those seven or more stages. The organisations have clear these segments and establish the CRM infrastructure to categories customers in this manner then they deliver focused messages, whichever by modified web messaging or by e-mails that are triggered routinely because of various rules. First-time guests recognized by a cookie placed on their PC. When guests registered, they are tracked through the residual stages. The customers who have purchased one or more products are one particular important group. The key challenge is for a company to encourage a customer to shift from the first product to the second and then go on. Explicit offers can be try to push customer for further products. In the same way, when customers turn into an inactive then the customer required follow-up.ii. Identify customer profit characteristicsThis is a conventional segmentation which is based on the nature of customer. For Business 2 Business Companies it includes sex, age and geography. It includes volume of the organisation and the type of sector or application, the organisation operates in.iii. Identify behaviour in response and purchaseAs shown in 2.2 through analysis of data base when customer progress through the lifecycle, company is capable to build up a detail reaction and buy history which judges the details of frequency, recency, group of product buy and monetary value. This approach is known as RFM (Recency, Frequency, Monetary value) analysis.iv. Identify multi-channel behaviourIn spite of of the eagerness of the company for online channels, various customers are chosen for using online channels and others customers are chosen conventional channels. This is, to an extent, be indicated by RFM and response examination since customers with a preference for an online channel is more reactive and make more use online. Customer who likes online channels is focused mostly by online communications such as e-mail, but when customer like conventional channels is focused by conventional communications such as direct mail or phone. This is known as right-channelling.v. Tone and style preferenceIn a same way to channel liking, customers are respond in their own way to various types of message. Some customers like rational application, in that time a detailed e-mail may work best. On the other hand some customers are preferre d an emotional appeal. Companies are test for this in customers or conclude it using profit description and response performance and then expand various inventive treatments consequently.2. Customer acquisitionProcesses used to add new customer. According to Turban (2008), customer acquisition refers to marketing activities intended to form relationship with new customers while reducing acquisition cost and targeting high-value customers. Service value and selecting the right path for various customers are essential at this stage and during the lifecycle.The conventional manner to customer acquisition include a marketing manager developing a blend of mass marketing (billboards, magazine advertisements etc.) and direct marketing (mail, telephone, etc.) campaigns based on their knowledge of the particular customer base that was being focussed. Marketing campaign trying to pressure new customers to buy a particular type of diapers, the mass marketing ads might be determined in parentin g magazines. The advertisements could also be positioned in more conventional publications whose readership demographics were alike to those of new parents.Customer acquisition is comparatively similar to mass marketing. A marketing manager selects the demographics that they are involved in and after that works with a data vendor to obtain lists of buyers who meet those features. The data vendors have large database holding millions of eventual customers that can be segment based on explicit demographic criteria.The idea of similar demographics has conventionally been an art rather than a science. Usually there are not hard-and-fast systems about whether two groups of buyers share the similar features. Most of the segmentation that took place in conventional direct marketing involves hunches on the division of the marketing professional.3. Customer retentionDafe Chaffey 2009 said that customer retention refers to the marketing actions taken by a company to keep its current customers . Identifying applicable offerings based on their personal needs and complete position in the customer lifecycle (e.g. purchase value or number) is key.Customer retention strategy aims to keep a high percentage of valuable customers and a customer development strategy aims to boost the value of those retained customer to the organisation. Customer retention is based on customer loyalty. And customer loyalty is the point to which a customer will continue with a specific brand or vendor.Customer acquisition to retain and extend create long-term customer relationship. We need to calculate customer satisfaction, as satisfaction drives loyalty and loyalty drives profitability. This relationship is exposed belowThe marketers aim is to push customers up the curve towards the affection zone. But the majority are not in that zone. Marketers must understand to achieve retention,why customers defers or are indifferent.4. Customer extensionThis technique is encouraging customers to increase the ir involvement with a company. According to Turban 2008, customer extension is increasing the range of products that a customer buys from an organisation. Sometime it is referred customer development.Increasing the lifetime value (CLV) of a customer is the main objective of customer extension by encouraging cross-sell. For example a customer of Egg credit card may be offered the loan or a deposit account.There are many of customer extension technique for CRM as followsRe-sell same type of products to existing customers-particular vital in some Business 2 Business background as re-buys or modified re-buys.Cross-sell sell extra products which may be closely related to the original buy.Up-sell this is mean, selling more expensive products.Reactivation Customers who have purchased for some time or have lapsed can be encouraged to buy again.Referrals generating sells from recommendation from existing customers.2.4 CUSTOMER LIFETIME VALUE MODELLINGCustomer Lifetime Value (CLV) is also an important theory and practise of CRM. But the calculation of CLV is not straightforward. There are so many company, they do not calculate it. According to Dave Chaffey (2009) Lifetime value is the total net benefits that a customer or group of customers will provide a company over their total relationship with the company. CLV is based on estimating the income and costs related with each customer over a phase of time and then calculating the net present value in present monetary terms using a discount rate value applied over the stage.Efraim Turban (2006) said there is various scale of complexity in calculating LTC. Those are exposed in 2.6. Option 1 is a realistic way or estimated proxy for future LTV, but the true LTV is the future value of the customer at individual level. CLV modelling at a segment level 4 is crucial within marketing since it answers the questionHow much can I afford to invest in acquiring a new customer?Lifetime value analysis helps marketers toCreate the true value of a companys customer baseRecognize and compare crucial target segmentCalculate the effectiveness of another customer retention strategyPlan and calculate investment in customer acquisition programmesMake decisions about product and offers2.7 gives an example of how LTV can be used to develop a CRM strategy for different customer groups. There are 4 (four) main types of customers are indicated by their present and future value as bronze, silver, gold and platinum. Separate customers groupings (circles) are recognized according to their current value (as indicated by current profitability) and future value as indicated by CLV calculation.Every group will have a customer segmentation based on their demographics. Therefore this is used for customer selection. Within the four main value groupings, there are various strategies are developed for various customer groups. Few bronze customers such as group A and B practically do not have development potential and are usually unprofit able, therefore the objective is to reduce costs in communications and if they do not stay as customers this is acceptable. Some bronze customers like group C may have potential for growth therefore for group C the strategy is to extend their purchases. Silver customers are focused with customer extension offer and gold customers are extended. Platinum customers are the best customers therefore the communication is very important with these customers.2.5 THE TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS OF CRMAccording to Davenport and Short, (1990) Porter, (1987) information technology is an enabler to thoroughly redesign business process to achieve improvements in organisational performance. Information Technology help helps a business process by facilitating changes to job practices and establishing new techniques to link a customer with organisations, suppliers and stakeholders (Hammer and Champy, 1993).Eckerson and Watson (2000) advocated that CRM take full advantage of technology to collect and anal yze data on customer patters, expand predictive models, interpret customer behaviour, proper respond with communications, and deliver product and service to individual customers. By using technology a company can create a 360 degree view of customers to find out from past interactions to optimize future ones.Peppard (2000) said that the leading factors in CRM development is improvement in network infrastructure, client/server computing, and business intelligence applications. CRM collect, store, maintain and distribute customer knowledge all over the organisation. The effectual management of information has a vital role to play in CRM. In the case of calculating customer lifetime value, consolidated view, product tailoring and service innovation, the information is essential. Along with data warehouses, enterprise resource planning (ERP) system and the internet are the central infrastructures to CRM applications.Fickel (1999) said CRM applications link front office (e.g. marketing, sales and customer service) and back office (e.g. financial, logistics, operations and human resources) functions with the companys customer touch point.A companys touch point is all of the communication, human and physical interactions your customers experience during their relationship lifecycle with your organisation. Whether an ad, Web site, sales person, store or office, touch points are important because customers from perceptions of your organisation and brand based on their cumulative experiences(Source http//www.imediaconnection.com/content/4508.imc at 16/10/2009 on 1525)According to Eckerson and Watson (2000), CRM integrated touch points is something like a common view of the customer. A separate information systems controlled these touch points. 2.8 demonstrates the relationship between customer touch point with back and front office operationsPeppers and Rogres, (1999) said In many companies, CRM is just a technology solution that extends divide databases and sales force automation tools to link sales and marketing functions in order to develop targeting efforts. On the other hand some organisations consider CRM as a tool that is exclusively designed for one-to-one relationship. According to Goldenberg (2000) CRM is not just a technology applications for sales, marketing and service, but when CRM fully and successfully implemented, customer-driven, a cross-functional, technology-integrated business process management strategy that improves relationships and encompasses the whole organisation.2.6 DATA WAREHOUSE TECHNOLOGYAccording to Watson (2000) data warehouse is a tools of information technology management that helps business decision makers to instant access of information of customer data throughout the organisation by combining all database and operational systems like sales and transaction, human resource, inventory, purchasing, financial and marketing system. Data warehouse pull out, clean, convert and manage large volumes of data from vario us systems and creating a historical record of all customer.Data warehousing technology is the most crucial part of CRM because it makes CRM possible. Shepard et al. (1998) said a better understanding of customer behaviour is possible because data warehousing technology consolidates correlates and convert customer data into customer intelligence. Understanding of customers and their purchase patterns can improve information related to customer service interactions, billing and account status, back orders, product returns, product shipment, and internal operating cost. The capacity of a data warehouse to store hundreds and thousands of gigabytes of data make an analysis feasible as well as immediate.Organisational benefits with a data warehouse are as followsexact and faster access of informationbad and duplicate data eliminate by quality data and filteringcustomer profiling and retention modellingit calculate total present value and estimate future value of every customerit gives de tail report2.7 DATA MINING TECHNOLOGYPeppers and Rogres, (1999) said that the first analytical step of data mining is to describe the data. Data mining summarize its statistical attributes like standard deviations and means, visually review it by use of charts and graphs and distributes the value of the field in our data. But alone data description can not provide an action plan. We have to build a predictive model based on patterns determined from known results and after that we have to test the model on result outside the original sample. An ideal model should never be confused with reality, but it is useful guide to understanding our businesses.According to Eckerson and Watson (2000) we can use data mining for both classification and regression problems. In first problem we can predict what type something will fall into. In second problems we are predicting a number like probability that a person will respond to an offer. In CRM process, data mining is often used to allocate a sc ore to a particular customer. Data mining is also often using to recognize a set of characteristics, which is called profile. Data mining segments customers in to groups with similar behaviour like purchasing a particular product.2.8 THE CRM PROCESS CYCLE IN BANKSPound (2000) said that exploration and alteration process should be done by the banks on basis of customer information captured this shows the full value of CRM initiatives. Banks set up a closed CRM cycle with the help of an integrated CRM solution, which composed of a set of continuous iterative process. It manages the whole customer related process for bank, analysing customer profile, customer data and life time value, which is helping to making marketing decision and optimizing the execution of marketing campaigns, customer service strategies and sales strategies across various channels during the bank.According to Professor Constantin Zopounidis (2002) CRM process cycle is based on a generic business view. It presents a continuous improvement of value between customers and banks across touch points. The main stages are as followsCustomer data collectionCustomer data analysisMarketing strategy and action programsBack-office Data External Data Touch-Point DataPound 2000 said that recent banking data sources are extremely heterogeneous. Geographic information is dispersed due to continual acquisitions, mergers and reorganizations. For example a bank might use web site, ATMs, e-mail, sales, call centres and marketing automation applications that must be integrated in a unified environment of CRM banking. An effective multi-channels customer interface will not be possible without a centrally integrated warehouse driving the entire CRM process cycle. This should be update real time. The historical data should be recorded by it, which is used to create propensity models and customer life time value models to recognize past behaviour and action in order to take future marketing strategy.2.9 CUSTOMER DAT A COLLECTIONKristin Anderson Carol Kerr (2002), said that in banking transaction system data such as (e.g. Checking, Credit, Savings) are frequently organised around accounts, channels, products and other alike transactional concepts. This limits the bank ability on identifying the total relationship and unique customers. An Integrated CRM is a major goal it consolidates these information islands and separate solution, which forms an open cross-bank system from all executives, business area department officers and branch employees, shares the identical customer information. Integrated banking CRM structure can be obtained from this necessary basis of data supply.Operation (contact) sources Chou, Chou 2000, said the customer communication touch-point (ATM, Branch, Call-Centre, Internet-Banking, Mobile banking, personal contact, etc.)Internal sources Professor Constantion Zopounidis (2000) said internal sources that are the available information island, data bases and product oriente d systems from other banks such as (Cards, Deposits, Investments, and loans etc.), Marketing campaign response, meta-data analysis and reliable data mining results.External Sources Professor Constanin Zopounidis 2002, said marketing researches that of external sources, infomediaries etc. Providing geo-demographic, psycho-graphic data and lifestyle, these can help to improve customer images2.11 CUSTOMER DATA ANALYSISHeygate (1998), said Simple and sophisticated data analysis techniques are required for deriving the valuable customer insight from the data collected in a central customer warehouse. More advance data analytics includes OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) mining techniques and tools, these extracts applicable patterns or trends in the data.According to Lawer (2000), key incorporated customer management insights provided by customer data analysis are customer segmentation/differentiation, concentration and distribution of customers value share of purchases/profits, analys is of strategies that widen/lengthen/deepen customer relationship.Hawkes 2000, advocated customer data analysis enables the recognition of customers profit and customers preferences for definite bank product and services, indicates the most suitable channels to reach the customers, and assesses the profitability and life time value of every personality.Additionally, Delto 1998 said that the future manners of the consumers can be predicted by analysing their past behaviour. Customer statistics, profit and segmentation are the main amount produced of the analysis stage feeding the marketing strategy planning and completing process. Having easily accessible information to marketing makes the difference between a winning campaign and a failure.2.12 MARKETING STRATEGY AND PROGRAMESKristin Anderson and Carol Kerr 2002 advocated captured results and data of customer analysis support marketers to route marketing messages, processes and strategies. True values of data of Lloyd TSB are discov ered by tools and process for marketing decision making, marketing decision making and CRM initiatives and campaign are deployed from converted information to customer knowledge.Goal of marketing automation within CRM are which personalise and optimizes each customer contact from planning, execution, monitoring marketing strategies and action programmes.Bryan Foss 2003 said it is critical for bank CRM not only to extract their data source to uncover patterns and insight but also to operationalise the system through the bank performance to turn the customer knowledge into importance creating achievement.Merlin Stone 2003 advocated the grades from advertising and CRM activities and strategies continue the process knowledge acquisition enhancing the on-going assessment of marketing data intelligence, closing the feed-back loop. Hence, the final element of CRM process cycle is the valuation of the results of campaign driven by marketing data intelligence. It is crucial to measure perfor mance and feed result back into the centre customer data warehouse, in order to convey